“非真实”的自然——生态批评的自然指涉

生态批评要求文学批评要关注真实的自然,但是在倚重进化论和其他生态科学理论展开批评的过程中常常不自觉地陷入其所反对的二元论思维中,之所以出现这种情况是因为生态批评将自然当做一种预设的作为基础的绝对真实。本文认为任何一个作为＂整体＂的自然都只能是存在于一个特定生活世界中的自然,生活世界由文化观念参与塑造着如此这般地呈现给我们的世界,它介于纯粹主观与纯粹客观之间,是我们实际置身其中的生活空间维度。生态批评的任务就是向我们展现不同生活世界中的自然,通过多元自然之间的对话来建立人与自然之间丰富多样的关系,真正克服人和自然的对立。

Eco-criticism argues that literature criticism should be concerned with the ＂real＂ natural things on the earth,but when it equals the nature in literature works to the physical environment around the human society and applies evolutionism and other ecological theory in criticism,it often drops into the dualism which it tries to overcome. This article argues that nature in literature is neither the objective nature in science nor the subjective imagination of the author. Nature in literature belongs to a ‘living world＇constructed both by the real things in environment and by cultural view. By showing diversified human-nature relations in the living world described in literary works,Eco-criticism can help the readers to get rid of the influence of dualism in human-nature relation gradually.