近现代藏族精英国家认同的演变与形成

Evolution and Formation of National Identity of the Tibetan Elites in the Modern Times

从根本上说国家认同问题是多民族国家内处于次要地位的民族或族裔是否认同国家的问题,即阿尔蒙德所说的"集体忠诚冲突"——"对传统的准国家单位的忠诚同对国家的忠诚和国家的目标发生冲突"。一个族群内部的"忠诚",也会因为历史与现实的问题而出现裂变。族群的国家认同主要由该族群的精英在构建民族国家过程中的态度和行为所决定。在近现代时期中国从王朝国家向民族国家转变过程中,无论是实践还是理论都在探索过程中。当时的藏族精英如十三世达赖、九世班禅等宗教领袖,诺那、格桑次仁等僧俗人士,面对"民族主义""地方自治"等理论,面对复杂的国族构成和全新的国家政策,以及外国势力的粗暴干涉,由于地位与地域之不同,其国家认同的行为与态度也截然不同。

National identity basically refers to ethnic minority people’s sense of belonging to one state or to one nation in a multi-ethnic country. The ＂loyalty＂ within an ethnic group also would have fission because of its history and reality. The national identity of an ethnic group is mainly determined by the attitude and behavior of the elites of the group in the process of constructing the nation. In the modern times, when China was changing from a dynasty-state to a nation-state, it has been doing both practical and theoretical exploration. When the Tibetan elites, for instance, the 13th Dalai Lama, the 9th Panchen Lama and other religious leaders, Noma, Gyesang Tsering and other monks and laymen, were first exposure to the theories of ＂nationalism＂ and ＂local autonomy＂, and complex national composition and new state policies, as well as the gross interference of foreign forces, their behavior and attitude of national identity were varied due to their different social status and geographical location.