锂电池电动车极快速充电的科学与工程问题

Science and engineering issues in extreme fast charging of electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion battery

"里程焦虑"一直困扰着电动车产业的发展,在电池能量有限的情况下,消费者期望电动车能够在10 min内完成充电,即充电能够像燃油车加油一样的方便快捷。电动车的快速充电一般指充电时间为0.5～2 h,长于2h为常用的慢速充电,而低于10 min则为极快速充电。本文仅从科学与工程问题出发,从基础设备/设施、电池电源系统、热管理、单体电池设计、电池材料等层面分析了锂离子电池在极快速充电模式面临的一系列挑战,比较了目前技术水平与极快速充电要求之间的差距,对极快速充电需要解决的技术难题进行了凝练,虽然极快速充电目前还没有实现,本文提出了研发方向建议。

The ＂mileage anxiety＂ has been plaguing the development of electric vehicle industry. Except loading batteries of high energy, consumers expect electric vehicles can be charged in 10 minutes, just as convenient and fast as fuel vehicles. Electric vehicles generally are charged between 0.5 and 2 hours as fast-charge, more than 2 hours as ordinary-slow-charging, and less than 10 minutes as called extreme-fast-charging （XFC）. In this review, the science and engineering challenges in XFC, specifically for Li-ion batteries powered electric vehicles, are analyzed in terms of infrastructural equipment/facilities, battery pack/powertrain, battery thermal management, single cell design, battery chemistry and material and so on. This paper also analyzes the gap between technical status quo and XFC requirements, clarifies the technical difficulties that need to be solved in extremely fast charging. Although extremely fast charging has not yet been achieved, this paper proposes future R＆D directions.