沿海崛起:早期大越的贸易、国家与文化

The Rise of the Coast:Trade,State and Culture in Early Dai Viet

宋朝外贸大潮极大地影响了大越,助推红河流域上游乡村与下游乡村12世纪的经济整合,13世纪以陈朝立国为标志的政治整合以及14世纪的文化整合。沿海的财富、权力和儒家的经术进入并深刻影响内陆的首都异龙（今河内）,给整个大越带来巨变。我们考量宋代中国与亚洲诸国贸易的程度和影响时,在检视经济层面的同时,也应该注意政治、文化层面。自宋徂元入明,中国东南沿海与地中海之间不断增长的国际贸易对东南亚世界影响甚大。

To consider the extent and impact of trade between Song China and other parts of Asia, we need to examine political and cultural aspects as well as the economic. Stretching from the Song epoch through the Yuan and into the Ming, increasing international trade linking the southeast coast of China to the Mediterranean had a major impact on the world of Southeast Asia. Focusing on commerce oft ignored heretofore, the article offers us the opportunity to approach the Vietnamese from the sea and the coast, to examine the culture of the eastern coastal region, and to gauge its impact on Vietnamese society at large. It will begin with a look at how Dai Viet was put together in the tenth and eleventh centuries,how its regions were linked. Then will consider economic change and the role of trade once Dai Viet had formed, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and next move to the impact of the economic changes and of the trade in the thirteenth century on the politics and culture of Dai Viet, specifically the coastal control of the Tran dynasty based on commercial development.As Dai Viet developed in these early centuries, it gradually grew and changed-economically, politically and culturally. The interaction of its inland agricultural core, its coastal commercial zone and its mountain fringe with the rich products there led to a dynamic that first brought them together economically in the twelfth century, next integrated them politically in the thirteenth and finally fused them culturally in the fourteenth. The international trade of the Song surge figured greatly in this. Yet ultimately it was the action taken by the inland core that remained the crucial factor. During these centuries the mid-river zone would still have maintained a higher density of population and a firm agricultural base as well as the long-established religious centres, the Buddhist temples and the spirit shrines. In Dai Viet the Tran, after all, did choose to keep the capital where it had been-in the mid-river core-and to develop further its agricultural potential. Now that we have a better sense of lower Dai Viet and the coast in these early centuries, we need to return to upper Dai Viet and the inland core and to re-examine the nature and essence of its civilization and institutions.