现代日本的社会变迁与福利政策

Social Change and Welfare Policy in Modern Japan

本文旨在以近60年来现代日本的社会变革为背景,研究其相关福利政策的转变情况.在福利国家的研究中,存在着三个视角：现代化论的、比较论的、全球化论的视角.因此,对社会政策和社会变迁二者之间关系的研究,会将我们带入关于现代性的社会学思考.首先,本文验证了关于现代日本社会变迁的一些研究发现.在这里,我们关注的是产业和人口的结构、家庭的就业和消费结构,以及中央政府的财政和社会支出.其次,本文对现代日本社会福利政策的变迁进行了思考.再次,本文对一些社会学观点展开了讨论.第一,从宏观社会学的角度出发,不难发现福利政策的发展方向已经发生了变化：在近60年间,从工业社会转向了福利国家,从福利国家转向福利社会.而目前,福利社会的潮流则与“工作福利”之间产生了矛盾.第二,在资源分配方式的划分上出现了四种方式：①自助,②互酬,③再分配,④市场交换.我们将这一划分框架应用到对福利多元主义的理解中,并通过这一框架来考察现代日本的社会变迁.此外,本文从阶层和阶级、性别、环境保护,以及政府间关系的角度验证了对福利国家的几种批判.当前,社会政策对于日本人民来说已成为严重的问题,并受到高度关注.因此我们将继续探索更多可持续、有效的发展途径.

： The purpose of this paper is to investigate briefly the transformation of welfare policy for this sixty years in relation to the social change of modern Japan. For a analysis of welfare state, it is useful to set three perspectives, that is, modernize, comparative, global. So considering the relation between social policy and social change leads us to sociological thinking about modernity. Firstly, we confirm several findings regarding the social change of modern Japan. We take the focus on the structure of industry and population, the situation of employment and composition of family, the finance and social expenditure of central government. Secondly, we consider the transformation of welfare policy in modern Japan. And thirdly, we discuss some sociological points. For one thing, as a matter of the macro sociology, we can see that the direction of welfare policy has changed, that is to say, from industrial society to welfare state, from welfare state to welfare society throughout these sixty years. Now the tides of welfare society and workfare are contradictory to each other. In sum, we can see four patterns, （a） self help, （b） reciprocity, （c） redistribution, （d） market exchange as the framework of resource distribution types. We apply this framework to the understanding of welfare pluralism and consider the change of modern Japan through it. Furthermore, we confirm several critics to thewelfare state from the standpoints of stratification and class, gender, environmental protection, inter-governmental relations. Now social policy Faces a serious problem and becomes a highly conscious issue to the people in Japan. So we continue looking For the sustainable ways to make the welfare state work more effectively