如何超越中国村民自治研究的主导范式——兼论社会工作介入中国乡村治理的途径和方法

How to Transcend the Dominant Paradigm of the Study on China Villagers＇ Self-governance——Also on the Way and Method of the Intervention of Social Work to China Rural Governance

自20世纪80年代中期以来，中国村民自治研究成为一大显学。主流研究文献都是基于制度主义的后设理论。它强调村民自治的制度建设、行政推动和制度归因。制度主义理论家族包括两大类成员：一类是结构制度主义，另一类是理性选择制度主义。结构制度主义假设了传统一现代的二元对分，套用现代理想类型，来分析乡村发展诸问题，却难以提供制度变迁的具体路径和方式。理性制度主义虽然指出了怍为一种公共物品的村民自治制度，需要通过自上而下的行政推动来克服搭便车问题，但是自身难逃制度理性和行政代理人利益理性的悖论。实践取向的能力建设方向，基于当地村民的地方性知识和实践智慧，围绕着实践中的问题，在外部社会工怍专业人员的协助下，通过行动反思，来融合传统资源和现代制度，寻找乡村发展和民主自治的出路。或许这才是跳出制度主义困境的希望所在。

Since the mid of 1980＇s, the study on China villagers＇ self- governance had became salient academic. The dominant paradigm of the study is based on institutionalism. It highlights institution construction of villagers＇ self-governance, promotion by administration, problem attribution to institution. The meta-theory of institutionalism includes two types ： one is structural institutionalism ; the other is the theory of rational choice of institution change. The structural institutionalism assumes dichotomy between tradition and modernity. By the concept of ideal type of Weber, It analyzes various problems of rural development. But it cannot give detailed road and method of institution change. The rational institutionalism points out that, as a public good, institution of rural democracy need administrative promotion from top down in order to overcome free riding problem. But it can not elude the dilemma of institutional reason and agency reason. Practice-based capacity-building approach is based on local knowledge and practical wisdom. It focuses on the practical problem, helped by professionals, integrates traditional resources and modern and tries to break though the way of rural development and democratic rural governance. Maybe this is the out-way of the dilemma of institutionalism.