新获地方立法权的市环境立法实证分析

The Empirical Analysis of Environmental Legislation of Newly Empowered Districted City

2015年修正后的《立法法》扩大了地方立法权主体的范围,明确规定设区的市可以对包括环境保护在内的有关事项制定地方性法规和地方政府规章。自新《立法法》实施以来至2017年年底,我国新获地方立法权的市共计制定和修改地方环保法规和地方政府环保规章239部。新获地方立法权的市环境立法的亮点可以概括为六个方面:立法总量迅速增长,立法类型多样;首部生态文明先行示范区立法出台,生态文明建设立法不断发展;以市容环境卫生为内容的综合环境法数量众多;高度重视大气污染防治;开始出现生态修复等环境退化防治立法;环境手段法领域的立法集中关注城市绿化。新获地方立法权的市环境立法同时存在四个方面的不足:重复现象较为严重,地方特色不显著;存在与省级地方性法规调整幅度不一致的情况;高度倚重以罚款为主的财产罚,法律威慑效果不足;面临环境空间自然规定性的挑战,缺乏立法回应。

The amended legislative law expands the subject of the local legislative power,and it stipulates that a districted city may provid local regulations and local government rules. From the implementation of the amended legislative law to the end of 2017, the newly empowered districted cities provided and amended 239 local environmental regulations and local government environmental rules. Environmental legislation of the newly empoered districted cities has six highlights,which include rapid growth and diversification of legislation,local regulations on ecological civilization pilot zone and developing of legislation of ecological civilization, regulations and local government rules on city appearance and environmental sanitation, prevention and treatment of atmospheric pollution, special legislation of ecological remediation, and legislation on urban landscaping. Meanwhile, environmental legislation of the newly empowered districted cities has four shortcomings, which include homogenization and lack of local features, inconsistency of adjustment scope, monetary punishment based on fine and deterrent effect of law,and challenges from natural spatial regularity of environment.