我国核损害民事赔偿责任制度研究——从《核安全法》第九十条切入

A Study on the Civil Liability System of Nuclear Damage in China——From the Ninetieth Article of the Nuclear Security Law

《核安全法》第九十条与《侵权责任法》第七十条均对核损害责任进行了规定,但两者在原因行为、责任主体、责任承担以及免责事由等方面存在较大差异。核设施营运单位应是核损害赔偿责任主体的规范表达。鉴于核损害的高度危险性,对核设施营运单位的责任追究应当遵循严格责任原则;国家补偿责任的引入是解决严格责任与责任限额之间冲突的有效方式。财务保证制度则为核设施营运单位责任的落地提供了制度保障,其中核第三者责任保险与核损害赔偿基金制度是两个重要的方面。

Article 90 of the Nuclear Security Law and Article 70 of the Tort Liability Law clearly stipulate the liability system for nuclear damage. However, there are great differences such as cause behavior, responsibility subject, responsibility undertaking and exemption. The nuclear operators should be the true expression of the main body of nuclear damage compensation responsibility. In view of the high risk of nuclear damage, the introduction of state compensation responsibility is an effective way to solve the conflict between strict liability and limitation of liability. The financial guarantee system provides the institutional guarantee for the implementation of the responsibility of the nuclear facilities operators, among which the nuclear liability insurance and the nuclear damage compensation fund should be the two most important aspects.