新描写主义与“假装”的高阶描写

New Descriptivism and the High-order Description of Pretending

从具体的语言事实出发,对具有普遍性的人类假装进行完整描写,这契合的正是语言哲学中新描写主义的基本精神。基于此,本文意在做两方面的探讨:一方面从方法论上探讨新描写主义的哲学根源与基本原则,另一方面在具体问题研究上旨在消解关于假装的疑惑。研究表明,胡建华倡导的新描写主义是意在推动语言研究范式转变的一项革新,而这项革新与语言哲学的新描写主义具有相同旨趣。在新描写主义视域下,语言研究应该秉承"从一粒沙子看世界"的精神,遵循认识的确定性、描写的完整性、问题的真实性和理论的创新性四大原则,针对像"李四假装摇头说不知道"这样的语言事实,主张从低阶的单维度句法描写,走向多维度高阶描写。就"假装"而论,句法描写无法解决"假装"结构表面上的逻辑疑惑,而从高阶描写的概念维度和形上维度看,假装之所以成为假装,就在于符合假装的四个必要条件。高阶描写的启示是,一个特殊的表达式不仅是某种句法结构的正常或非正常体现,而且还是多维度下语义实在性的反映。

By examining particular linguistic facts, the attempt to conduct an adequate description of the universally-found human pretending is in conformity with the claim of New Descriptivism. Departing from this premise, both a theoretical discussion and a problem-solving study are to he made in accordance with the requirement of methodology and practice. Methodologically, provided are the insights on the philosophical foundation and the basic principles of New Deseriptivism. Practically, clarified is the seemingly paradoxical confusion caused from human pretending. It is held that the New Deseriptivism framed by Hu Jianhua is an innovative effort to facilitate a paradigm shift in linguistic research. Hu＇s formulation of New Descriptivism is found in tune with the tenet of the neo- descriptivism in analytic philosophy of language. It is advocated from the New Descriptivism that linguistic researches, with the purpose of ＂seeing a world in a grain of sand＂, should honor the certainty principle of cognition, the adequacy principle of description, the solution principle for real problem, and the originality principle for theoretical discussion. From the perspective of New Descriptivism, an examination of such linguistic fact as ＂Lisi pretends to shake his head and say he does not know＂ is directed from the low order description of its syntax to the high order description oriented to the conceptual dimension and metaphysical dimension. In the case of pretending, the paradoxical confusion which cannot be clarified through syntactical description can be clarified through the high order description. A conclusion is arrived at that human pretending as it is must satisfy four conditions, and the special expression is not only a special reflection of its normal or abnormal syntactic feature but also a particular realization of semantic reality from different dimensions.