清朝和民国时期满洲农村的社会经济变化:一些初步调查结果

Socioeconomic Change in Villages of Manchuria During the Ch’ ing and Republican Periods: Some Preliminary Findings

基于伪满时期'满洲农村实态调查'等系列报告分析,在经历了快速农业商业化和帝国主义影响下,在满洲(中国东北地区)既没有社会阶层分化趋势,也没有土地所有权、土地使用权不公平分配的现象。对满洲农村社会经济变化的分析,也反映了中国农民家庭的三个特征:首先,人口统计和社会经济特征与村龄和建造日期具有很密切的关系;其次,社会阶层存在于村落之中,但是随着村庄建立时间的不同而发生改变,此外,地理位置变动率也很高,也是随着村庄存续的时间的不同而有所变化。再次,土地所有权和土地使用权的不公平,在不同时期建立的村庄里面并没有明显差异。对于以上农民社会经济行为的研究,首先要始于农民家庭的分析;其次要充分认识到中国农民用不正规的方式来分享那些稀有资源而且分配得很有效率,最后是农村市场结构竞争是非常激烈的。

Based on the analysis of the series of reports on the'A Survey of Actual Village Conditions'during the period of the Manchukuo,on the basis of cross-sectional village sample data ranked by village settlement period,that there had been neither a trend toward social class polarization nor a trend toward more unequal land ownership or land use in Manchuria,a region which had experienced rapid commercialization of agriculture and imperialist influences.The analysis of the social and economic changes in the rural areas of Manchuria also reflects the three characteristics of the Chinese peasant family:Firstly,certain demographic and socioeconomic household characteristics corresponded closely to village age or period of settlement;Secondly,social class or group mobility existed in villages but varied by village settlement period.Geographic mobility was also high,but again varied according to village age;Thirdly,land ownership and land use,while exceedingly unequal,did not significantly differ between villages of different settlement periods.The research on the socioeconomic behavior of the peasants above should begin with the analysis the peasant household.Secondly,we should fully realize that Chinese peasants used informal rules to share scarce resources and allocated these quite efficiently,the rural market structure was highly competitive.