自由与实定性的辩证——青年黑格尔实定性批判思想研究(1793-1800)

The Dialectics of Freedom and Positivity——Studies of Young Hegel's Critique of Positivity(1793-1800)

青年黑格尔(1793—1800)实定性批判思想是其政治哲学思想的一个方面,可粗略地分为三个阶段。在1793—1795年,黑格尔的实定性批判主要表现为康德式主体自由与基督教(作为实定宗教)之间的对立,即内在性、自发性、自律和自主与外在性、强制性、他律和权威性之间的矛盾。在1795—1799年,黑格尔的实定性批判主要表现为统一哲学的自由与以分裂为特征的实定性的对立,实定性批判也扩展至康德自由理论与现代国家等。在这两个阶段,实现人民宗教的理想与复兴古典共和主义是黑格尔的目的所在。在1799—1800年,实定性的必然性或命运得到承认。自由必须要在实定制度中得到实现。由此,青年黑格尔的实定性批判思想表现为自由与实定性的辩证,即由对立走向和解。

As an aspect of young Hegel's political philosophy, his critique of positivity(1793-1800) could be roughly divided into 3 stages. During 1793-1795, Hegel's critique of positivity was mainly characterized by the opposition between Kantian subjective freedom and Christianity(as a positive religion), i.e. the contradiction between internality, spontaneity, autonomy and independence on the one hand, and externality, enforceability, heteronomy and authoritativeness on the other. During 1795-1799, his critique of positivity was characterized by the opposition between freedom in Yereinigungsphilosophie and positivity whose feature was separation or alienation.Hegel's critique extended to Kant's theory of freedom and modern state. In these two stages,Hegel had the same purpose, i.e. to realize his ideal of Volksreligion and to renew the classical republicanism. During 1799-1800, Hegel admitted the necessity or fate of positivity. So young Hegel's critique of positivity during 1793-1800 seemed to be a dialectic of freedom and positivity, i.e. a process from opposition to reconciliation.