暧昧的联合:五四时期的北京大学与研究系

An Ambiguous Union: Peking University and the “Research Group” during the May Fourth Movement

五四运动前,梁启超领导的研究系与北京大学新派师生一度实现了较为密切的合作,双方还建立了跨界的社团组织,如北大校长蔡元培参与了研究系发起成立的和平期成会;另一方面,研究系的《晨报》为北大师生提供发表平台,声援新文化运动。研究系领袖梁启超信奉"人类是政治动物"的原则,认为学生参与政治运动是天经地义。研究系利用北京大学发起五四运动,是一种有目的的政治行为,其意在重组内阁。但是,五四运动爆发之后,皖系和日本在华媒体披露研究系是五四运动的幕后黑手,促使研究系内部的瓦解。为求自保,熊希龄在五四运动之后立即与研究系脱离关系,试图挽回其已经被"污名化"的公众形象。为了维护北京大学的名誉,蔡元培、胡适为代表的北京大学新文化派教授群体也有意疏远研究系,并与其划清界限;其结果,就是1922年5月14日,以蔡元培、胡适、李大钊等北大教授为主体而发表的《我们的政治主张》。耐人寻味的是,这篇宣言不仅号召"好人"为实现"好政府"而奋斗,还特意把梁启超所代表的研究系排斥在外,由此引起梁启超、林长民等研究系人士的强烈不满。

Prior to the May Fourth Movement,the Liang Qichao-led ＂Research Group＂（yanjiuxi）,had a close cooperation with the reform-minded students and professors at Peking University,where they established some crosssectoral associations. For instance,Cai Yuanpei the President of Peking University joined the Peace Prospect Society（heping qicheng hui） established by the ＂Research Group,＂while Morning Post owned by the ＂Research Group＂provided a publicity platform for the students from Peking University,who were also actively recruited by the former.In the principle of homo politicus did Liang Qichao believe,arguing that it is an unquestionable moral truth for students to join political movements.The＂Research Group＂used Peking University to launch the May Fourth Movement,which in and of itself was a purposeful political activity,aiming for a cabinet reshuffling.Nevertheless,upon the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement,the Anhui Clique（wanxi）and Japan divulged to media outlets that the＂Research Group＂had been behind the instigation of the May Fourth Movement,leading to a dissolution of this association.For sake of self-protection,Xiong Xiling,after the May Fourth Movement,immediately detached himself from the Group,as an attempt to reinstate his＂stigmatised＂public image.In order to protect the reputation of Peking University,a＂New Culture＂Group of professors at Peking University,led by Cai Yuanpei and Hu Shi,took similar actions to detach themselves from the＂Research Group.＂As a result,on May 14,1922,there was published the Manifesto titled＂Our Political Propositions＂by Peking University professors,including Cai Yuanpei,Hu Shi,and Li Dazhao.Interestingly,this Manifesto as much called upon＂good citizens＂（haoren）to strive towards a good government as deliberately excluded the Liang Qichao-led＂Research Group,＂putting the latter into the category of＂bad citizens,＂thus resulting in serious complaints from such members of the＂Research Group＂as Liang Qichao and Lin Changmin.