人权膨胀趋势下的人权概念重构——一种国际人权法的视角

Reconstruction of the Concept of Human Rights under the Trend of Human Rights Inflation:A Perspective from International Human Rights Law

自1948年《世界人权宣言》通过以来,人权体系的不断膨胀趋势给传统的人权概念带来了很大的挑战。不同的人权理论对于这种趋势采取了不同的回应方式,自然人权论试图通过严格界定传统人权概念剔除国际人权体系中不合格的人权,而政治人权论则试图从国际政治功能的角度重新界定人权的概念。但无论是理想主义的自然人权论还是现实主义的政治人权论,其提出的人权概念和标准都存在一定的缺陷。为了使人权概念对现实更具包容性和解释力,有必要将人权界定为个人和特定人群基于人的尊严而应享有的、主要旨在限制国家权力的权利。

The increasingly inflating human rights list has posed a big challenge to the traditional concept of human rights since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by UN in 1948. Different theories of human rights take different approaches to this challenge. While the naturalistic conception of human rights attempts to exclude those unqualified human rights by defining the traditional concept of human rights more narrowly, the political conception of human rights has tried to redefine the concept of human rights from the perspective of political function of international human rights. Both the concepts and standards of human rights advocated by the idealistic naturalistic conception of human rights and the realistic political conception of human rights are flawed in some respects. In order to have a more inclusive concept of human rights reflecting the true reality, it is advisable to define the concept of human rights as the rights that individuals and specific groups shall enjoy for the protection of the dignity of human being mainly with a view to limiting the state power.