消费者概念的民法解读与架构

On the Interpretation and Framework of Consumer Concept in Civil Law

传统文义解释始终无法精确框定消费者的内涵与外延,用民法的营业概念诠释消费者则能查漏补缺,体现法律逻辑之美。"非专门性""非营利性"以及"独立自主性"这三个行为特征是辨识消费者的核心要素。"非专门性"决定了消费者在合同缔结过程处于信息不对称、经验不丰富和交涉能力不对等的弱势地位;"非营利性"决定了消费者处于经济实力较弱、风险承受能力较差的不利地位;"独立自主性"主要保证消费者具有独立地位,交易的法律后果直接归属于消费者本人。此外,我国《消费者权益保护法》中的各项制度可将法人纳入受保护主体,在法解释学路径上,法人可为消费者;但在混合用途、投资行为和代理行为等情形中对消费者的范围仍需特别分析。

Traditional literal interpretation cannot accurately define the connotation and denotation of consumers,while the interpretation of consumers with the business concept of civil law can find out the omissions and fill in the gaps,re- flecting the beauty of legal logic.The three behavioral characteristics of ＂non-speciality＂, ＂non-profit＂ and ＂independence and autonomy＂ are the core elements to identify consumers.＂Non-speciality＂ determines that consumers are in a disad- vantageous position of information asymmetry,inexperience and bargaining ability in the process of contract conclusion; and ＂non-profit＂ determines that consumers are in a disadvantageous position of weak economic strength and poor risk tolerance. ＂Independence＂ mainly guarantees the independent status of consumers,and the legal consequences of transac- tions directly belong to consumers themselves.In addition,the various systems in China＇s Consumer Protection Law can include legal person as the subject of protection,and legal person can be the consumer in the way of legal hermeneu- tics ,but the scope of consumer in the mixed use ,investment behavior and agency behavior still needs special analysis.