大型嘛呢石经堆与观音坛城部落化——以18世纪以来北部康区为中心

The Large Mani Stone Cairns and Podala Tribalization:Focusing on the Northern Khams Areas since 18Century

通过对以嘉那嘛呢为主线的北部康区大型嘛呢石经堆超常规模发展历史成因、文化理念以及社会机制的考察,本文确认了18世纪以来该区域出现的大型嘛呢石经堆兴建热潮的文化实质,在于以"再造观音坛城"表征部落首领权力,是源自印度、以佛教作为治国意识形态的不空羂索观音佛王传统在北部康区的本地化。地方首领们虽采纳了五世达赖喇嘛弘传观音信仰和建造布达拉宫等实践形式,但并非接纳了其"僧王"合法性在边地的延伸,反而将观音化身的象征整合于既有的家族式政教双首领的权力结构,衍化出"千(百)户+观音法王"的治理形式,实现了部落家族式首领权力的内部更新。而以观音为表征的卫藏僧权和边地部落首领权力,共同构筑了18世纪以后观音密宗王统藏地化的高潮。

The paper attempts to explore the cultural concepts,historical causes and development schemes of the large Mani stone cairns.By analyzing the Jiana Mani case,this paper points out that the large Mani stone cairns represent the Podala or the Mandala of Avalokitasvara in the northern Khams Tibetan areas.And its new upsurge in Khams Tibetan areas from the 18 century is due to the localization of the Amoghapasa buddharaja tradition as the political ideology originated from India.Though chiefs of local tribes imitated the Fifth Dalai Lama as an incarnation of Avalokitasvara to building Podala,it does not mean that they accept the Fifth Dalai Lama as their political leader.In fact,they developed a leadership structure with a chief and a Dharma-raja depended on the consanguinity by integrating the reincarnation system of Living Buddhas into their political cultures.