清初流徙士人心态与历史功绩——以“河朔英灵”张缙彦为例

The Mentality and Historical Contribution of the Exile Scholars in the Early Qing Dynasty——Taking “the Genius of Heshuo Region” Zhang Jinyan for Example

流人自古多磨难,能于流放地淡然处之者极少,而能够有所作为、多所成就者,则少之又少。清初,满洲入主中原,民族矛盾突出,政治环境恶劣,一些士人被清廷流徙至塞外苦寒之地,往往心情苦闷,悲观度日。明崇祯朝兵部尚书张缙彦仕清后,因受党争牵连,顺治末年被流徙宁古塔。与一般流人愤懑抑郁心态迥然不同,张缙彦在塞外"坦然以处之,十余年来,无几微怨尤",并通过广交游、多体察、勤著述等方式积极传播中原文化,为东北文明开化作出了重要贡献。从人生经历、心路历程、交游群体等方面,具体分析张缙彦"安土敦仁"流人心态及其历史功绩,有助于理解王朝鼎革之际的士人心态、区域文化交流,以及边疆经济社会发展等问题。

The exiled people have been suffering since ancient times. There are very few people who can be indifferent to indulge, and few who can make a difference and achieve more. In the early Qing Dynasty, Manchuria entered the Central Plains, with prominent national contradictions and bad political environment. Some scholars were exiled by the Qing Dynasty to the bitter cold areas outside the Great Wall. They often felt angry and pessimistic. Zhang Jinyan was the military minister of Chongzhen period in the Ming Dynasty. After surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he was impliealed in the party struggle and was exiled to Ningguta in the last years of Shunzhi. Contrary to the general exile mentalily, Zhang Jinyan was ＂quiet and calm＂ in the exiled land, had no complaints for more than ten years. He actively spread the euhure of the Central Plains through extensive contacts, muhiple observations, and diligent writings, and made important contributions to the development of Northeastern civilization. From life experience, mentality, social groups, etc., concrete analysis Zhang Jinyan ＂adaptable, benevolence＂ exile mentality and historical contribution, help to understand the scholar mentality in early Qing Dynasty, regional euhural exchanges, and frontier issues of economic and social development.