如何精准扶贫?制度空隙、家庭嵌入与非正规创业绩效

How to Alleviate Poverty Precisely? Institutional Voids,Family Embeddedness and the Performance of Informal Entrepreneurial Firms

非正规创业是“金字塔底层”群体缓解贫困、改善生活的主要途径。过往有关非正规创业绩效影响因素的研究多数仅将制度作为研究背景，或只检验制度对绩效的直接影响，极少关注创业经验对制度与绩效间关系的调节作用。为了弥补以上空白，本研究结合深度访谈，检验制度空隙、家庭嵌入两类制度因素对非正规创业绩效的影响，并进一步考察先前创业经验对二者与绩效间关系的调节作用。本研究使用来自陕西、宁夏、甘肃和内蒙古四地农民创业者和信贷员的配对数据，发现：①制度空隙对非正规创业绩效有正向影响；②家庭嵌入与非正规创业绩效间呈倒U形关系：③先前创业经验调节制度空隙、家庭嵌入和非正规创业绩效间的关系。研究结论从制度理论的视角丰富了非正规创业绩效的影响因素及其作用情境研究，同时，对政策制定者精准识别并分类指导扶贫对象、多部门共同制定扶贫政策，及兼顾短期和长期扶贫效果等方面“对症下药”提供了思路和依据。

Informal entrepreneurship is the main way for poverty alleviation for entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid. Previous studies on the antecedents of the performance of informal entrepreneurial firms often regard institutions as a research context,or only examine the direct influence of institution but they pay little attention to the effect of prior entrepreneurial experience of informal entrepreneurs. We use institutional theory to explore the effects of institutional voids,family embeddedness on informal entrepreneurial performance,and examine the moderation effect of prior entrepreneurial experience of informal entrepreneurs. The survey is conducted in four western provinces: Gansu,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. We invited both farmer entrepreneurs and their loan officers to complete the survey. The empirical results show that:①institutional voids have a significant positive effect on informal entrepreneurial performance;②there was an inverted U-shape relationship between family embeddedness and informal entrepreneurial performance;③prior entrepreneurial experience moderates the relationship between institutional voids and informal entrepreneurial performance;④prior entrepreneurial experience moderates the relationship between family embeddedness and informal entrepreneurial performance. This research enriches the research on the determinants of informal entrepreneurial performance from the institutional perspective. Our study provides theoretical implications and empirical evidence for policy-makers to precisely identify the alleviation target and provide relevant guidance. Also,the study suggests that policy-makers should use portfolio policies of poverty alleviation,and give consideration to both short-term and long-term poverty alleviation effects.