美国高校应用型办学体系探究

Study on the Application-oriented Running System of American Universities

美国应用型办学体系起源于17世纪殖民地时期外行人士管理高校的模式。"赠地学院"运动、实用主义哲学流派、"威斯康理念"等实践与理论使得应用型办学体系逐步建立并不断发展。该体系由外部形态、内部形态和连接枢纽组成。外部形态由经济与社会、法律、普通高校、政府与企业通过盟约与设立专门机构等形式形成合作教育共同体;内部形态由高校的教育目标、专业结构、课程体系、教师队伍、教学方式、考试方式等要素构成合作教育模式;连接枢纽是行业机构的专业认证,它通过行业标准,反映、确认外部形态对内部形态的要求与认同。对美国高校应用型办学体系而言,教学内容高实作、考试考核高标准、教师收入高待遇的统一是其成功的关键。

The American application-oriented school system resulted from the model of the management of higher education institutions run by laymen in the colonial period in the 17th century. The practice and theory of ＂Land Grant Academy＂, Pragmatism School of Philosophy, and ＂Wisconsin Philosophy＂have made the application-oriented school system gradually establish and continue to develop. This application -oriented school system consists of external form, internal form and connection hub. The externalform is a kind of cooperative education community formed by the economy and society, law, universities,government and enterprises through the covenant and the establishment of specialized agencies; the internal form is a kind of cooperative education model formed by the education objectives, professional structure, curriculum system, teachers, teaching methods, examinations and other elements; the connection hubis a professional certification of industry bodies certifying the industry standards and confirming the external form＇s requirements for and recognition to the internal form. The high content of teaching practice,the high standard of examination and examination, the unification of high income of teachers are the keyto the success of the application-oriented school system.