冀中南极端天气对林果冻害的影响及防御对策

Influence of Extreme Weather on Chilling Damage of Fruit Trees in Central and Southern Hebei Province and Defensive Countermeasures

2018年4月3～7日出现了极端寒潮降温天气,河北省中南部正值果树开花期,罕见的低温冻害给林果业造成了严重的经济损失。基于气象资料和果树生长发育信息,应用数理统计方法,分析了2018年河北省中南部春季极端天气对林果花期的影响。结果表明:果树低温冻害由气温波动大、降温剧烈和持续低温、降水湿冷、风速较大且持续时间长、地温偏低等要素的交互叠加造成; 2018年3月气温异常偏高,果树花期提前,增加了果树冻害的风险。采用线性气候倾向分析,历年4月上旬最低气温呈上升趋势,上升速率为1.3℃/10 a,气候变暖,春季低温出现易发生冻害。结合实地灾情调查,提出了果树花期防御低温冻害的措施。

Extreme cold wave and cooling weather occurred in central and southern Hebei province on April 3-7, 2018, when the fruit trees were just at florescence stage, and this rare cold damage caused serious economic losses of the forest and fruit industry. According to the meteorological data and the information of fruit tree growth and development, using mathematical statistical method, the author analyzed the influence of this spring extreme weather on the florescence of fruit trees in central and southern parts of Hebei province in 2018. The results showed that the chilling damage of fruit trees was caused by the interactivity and superposition of great air temperature fluctuation, continuous low temperature after a sharp drop in air temperature, wet and cold precipitation, high-speed and long-time wind, lower ground temperature and so on. The exceptional higher air temperature in March, 2018 caused earlier florescence of fruit trees, thus increased the risk of their chilling damage. Linear climatic tendency analysis indicated that the minimum air temperature during the first ten days of April over the years rose at the rate of 1.3 ℃/10 a, therefore the low temperature in spring easily led to chilling damage. Finally, some defensive measures to the chilling damage of fruit trees were proposed on the basis of this research combined with the field damage situations.