摘要
在民间故事口耳相传的传播方式下,牛郎织女故事在我国各少数民族中广泛流传,互相影响,呈现出同中有异的特点。南北方少数民族多改编了牛郎织女故事的悲剧结局,以牛郎织女或在天上或在人间一起幸福生活为结局,并增加了考验女婿的情节。同时,南北方少数民族演变至今的牛郎织女故事也呈现出一些不同点,如受儒家传统文化影响程度不同,故事中所体现出的生产方式不同,仙女下凡的原因不同,主要人物"牛"与"鹿"的不同。其中的共同性反映出同一母题在不同民族间孳乳、传播的互动影响及文化相融的稳定性,也体现出不同民族反映世界、表达情感的共通模式;而其不同则折射出不同民族宗教信仰、人情风俗、民俗心理以及生产生活方式等方面的独特性。
A large portion of Chinese folk talesare stories about marriage and love between humans and nonhumans. The category of marriageand love stories between “Humans and Nonhumans”refers to those in which humans and nonhumans ( including gods,immortals,ghosts,animals,plants,etc. )fall in love,get married andhave children;afterwards,they might live in heaven or on earth. The story of the Cowherd and theWeaver Girl is one of the oldest and most widespread stories in this category. The main story tellshow the Cowherd and Weaver Girl fell in love witheach other,got married and had children,but,they were separated afterwards by the heavenlycourts,and eventually remain separated,or,arereunited with each other. (Most versions of theCowherd and the Weaver Girl found among the ethnic minorities of China have happy endings,replacing the tragic ending found among the Han) . Among those folk tales which are transmitted orally,various versions of the Cowherd and the WeaverGirl are widely circulated among ethnic minoritiesin China,and they influence one another. However,those versions of the Cowboy and the Weaver Girl that spread among the ethnic minorities in the north exhibit distinctive characteristics from thoseversions found among the ethnic minorities in thesouth. Among the ethnic minorities of northernChina,relevant versions include the The Cowherdand the Fairy in Qapqal Xibo Autonomous Countyin Xinjiang,the The Weaver Girl and Cowherd GotMarried of the Mongols in Inner Mongolia,The Orphan and the Black Deer of the Daur people inEvenk Autonomous Banner,The Shepherd and theFairy,and The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl of theKoreans in northeastern China,The Three Fairiesof the Manchu,and the Story of the Cowherd by theEvenks among the Evenks in the Yarlung Valley.Among the ethnic minorities of southern China,relevant stories include The Story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl of the Miao in the Qingshuijiang area of Guizhou Province ,The Nine Immortals and the Bronze Drum circulated in thePingjiang District in Rongjiang County,The Soundof the Dong Flute and The Cowherd and the Youngest Weaver Girl widespread among the Dong peoplein Liping County,The Legend of Stonemason andLang Zhui and Lang Chui in the Maonan ethnicgroup;The Colorful Band in the Yao ethnic groupin Guangxi,Brave Adao in the Zhuang ethnic group in Longzhou County,and Why do the YaoPeople Like to Plant Corn and Glutinous Rice among the Yao ethnic group in the Dayaoshan area.The ethnic minorities from both northern and southern China have more or less changed the tragicending of the original story into a happy one inwhich the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl live happily ever after in heaven or on earth. This is thecommon feature of the various versions of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl story that circulated among the ethnic minorities in both northern andsouthern China. At the same time,the versions ofthe Cowherd and the Weaver Girl that have continued to evolve until today in northern and southernChina also exhibit some differences.For example,the versions of the Cowherd andthe Weaver Girl found among the northern ethnicminorities have been greatly influenced by traditional Confucian culture,whereas their southerncounterparts have been less affected. Differences ofmodes of production are also reflected in the stories. The northern ethnic minorities mainly depended on hunting,and took agriculture as a supplementary activity,whereas the southern ethnic minorities mostly cultivated barren fields in themountains,and planted crops such as rice,cornand cereals. The reasons why the Weaver Girl descended to earth were also diversified. Accordingto versions from the northern ethnic minorities,theWeaver Girl descended to earth to wash clothes,whereas in the versions found among the southernminorities,she descended to swim or bath. In most of the northern versions,the main character is adeer,while in most of the southern stories the maincharacter is a cow. The commonality found amongthe versions reflects the interactive influence ofcommon themes of production and communicationamong different ethnic groups,as well as culturalintegration. It also reflects common ways differentethnic groups reflect upon the world and express their emotions. The differences,however,reflectthe unique features of the various ethnic minoritieswith regard to religious beliefs,customs,and folklore,as well as modes of production and lifestyles.
作者
李若熙
Li Ruoxi(Editorial Office of Journal of Sichuan University of Arts and Science,Dazhou,635000,Sichuan,China)
出处
《民族学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第5期53-63,111-116,共17页
Journal of Ethnology
基金
四川省教育厅2016年度自筹项目"清末川刻话本小说对新建本科院校学生孝道观影响研究--以<跻春台>为例"(项目编号:165B0227)
四川文理学院2014年度一般项目"四川文理学院特色专业服务地方经济文化发展模式及内部机制构建研究"(项目编号:2014XB001Y)阶段性成果
关键词
少数民族
民间故事
牛郎织女
“异类”婚恋
母题
异同
ethnic minorities
folktale
the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
marriage and love between “ humans and non humans”
motif
similarities and differences