山东大型胡人石雕像与欧亚文化交流

The Large Stone Statues of Hu People in Shandong Province and the Europe-Asia Cultural Communication

汉武帝开通丝绸之路之前,还存在一条欧亚交流的草原之路。在草原之路上,游牧民族作为流动的载体,成为传播东西方文化的桥梁,石刻艺术是这种交流的产物。本文考察了山东6尊大型胡人雕像出现的历史背景,阐述了石刻艺术的源流,以及欧亚文化交流对秦汉及其之前石刻艺术的影响。秦汉时期,在宫殿前面树立铜人成为通行的做法,墓前立石人是对宫殿立铜人的摹写。张骞凿通西域以后,新一波外来文化因素进入中原,促成了墓上石雕的出现。墓上石雕最早见于霍去病墓,如果说马踏匈奴雕像是战争的写照,那么山东胡人石雕像则是和平时期民族融合的反映。这些大型胡人雕像,可能是墓主生前的文臣、武将,在一定程度上再现了胡人在汉朝为官的史实。山东地区发现的胡人雕像以及数量众多的墓上石刻,是其善于接纳外来文化因素,以及铁器制造业发达的见证。

There had once been a route on the prairie connecting Europe and Asia before Emperor Wu of Han established the Silk Road. As a mobile carrier, the nomadic people on the prairie route acted as a bridge connecting and spreading Eastern and Western culture. The carved statues were the product of this kind of exchanges. This article examines the historical background of the six large statues of Hu people and elaborates on the origin of the art of stone statues and the impact of Europe-Asia cultural communication on the stone statue art in the Qin-Han and earlier period. During the Qin and Han dynasties, it was a common practice to erect a bronze statue in front of a palace. Erecting a stone statue in front of a tomb was an imitation of that practice. After Zhang Qian built the connection between China and the small countries in middle and west Asia, a new cultural wave entered China and people started to build stone sculptures outside the tomb. The earliest stone sculpture is found outside the tomb of Huo Qubing. It is a sculpture of a horse trampling a Hu man. This sculpture might indicate warfare, while the stone statues of people of middle and west Asian nationalities discovered in Shandong province are a reflection of ethnic integration during peacetime. These large stone statues of Hu people might correspond to the civil officials and military officers that served the tomb in his lifetime, which accords with the historical fact that some Hu people took official positions in the Han dynasty. Those statues of Hu people and stone sculptures outside the tomb are also evidence of the adoption of foreign cultural factors and advanced ironware manufacturing industry.