迈向更加可支付的机动性与住房——公交导向开发及其公平效应的规划解析

MOVING TOWARDS MORE AFFORDABLE MOBILITY AND HOUSING: TRANSITORIENTED DEVELOPMENT AND ITS EQUITY EFFECT FROM A PLANNING PERSPECTIVE

公交导向开发(TOD)能显著提升地块的交通可达性,并带来土地及住房的增值。然而,对一部分社会群体来说,这种可达程度的提升会增加其居住成本,在一定程度上降低对可支付住房的可获得性。公交都市是我国高密度城市发展的重要方向,但仍缺乏对TOD公平性的关注。立足于我国现有偏向小汽车的交通投资、规划与政策所引发的问题,本文揭示公交导向开发应加强对空间均衡和社会公平的重视,并且介绍了美国一些城市在TOD规划建设中兼顾低收入群体保持住房可支付性的规划和政策措施。考虑到我国城市高密度的空间特征及发展公共交通的可行性和必要性,指出为保障社会公平应建立多层次的公共交通系统、促进可支付的"住房-交通"系统、重视非机动交通的地位与作用、谨慎对待城市停车系统的供给。

Transit-Oriented Development （TOD） can not only improve the accessibility of land plots, but also increase the value of the land plots or properties near the rail transit stations. However, for some social groups with low-income, the improvement in accessibility can increase their housing costs, and thus reduce their availability for affordable housing to a certain extent. TOD is a main development direction for the high-density cities in China, but there is no enough attention paid to equitable TOD （eTOD）. Considering the traffic problems caused by automobile-oriented investments and planning approaches, this paper reveals that TOD should pay more attention to spatial balance and social equity. The paper introduces the planning and policy measures that are adopted in some American cities to guarantee the housing affordability of low-income groups. With regards to the spatial characteristics as well as the feasibility and necessity of TOD in Chinese cities, the paper points out that, in order to ensure social equity, efforts should be made to build the multi-level public transport system, promote the affordable ＂housing-transport＂ system, emphasize the position and role of non-motor vehicles, and reasgnably provide the urban parking system.