明治维新:元制度与派生制度的非均衡演进及其对日本工业化的影响

Meiji Restoration: The Unbalanced Evolution of Proto System and Derivative System and the Impact on Japan's Industrialization

到2018年日本明治维新已经整整过去了150周年。基于一个元制度与派生制度的相对关系及其演进的分析框架,可探讨明治维新对日本战前工业化的影响。作为一种大规模制度变迁,明治维新与英国革命、美国革命不同,元制度与派生制度是非均衡演进的,即宪政元制度缺位条件下的替代制度与移植制度的非均衡演进。在明治维新的过程中,日本没有选择宪政民主制度,而是选择了天皇专制的威权主义制度,同时大力移植源自于西方先发展国家的高效率现代经济制度。这样,元制度与派生制度的非均衡演进,在明治维新开始后的日本就转化为政治制度与经济制度的非均衡演进。明治维新表现出来的这种制度变迁模式,就其短期效应而言,由于国家具有更为强大的资源动员能力,有力地促进了日本战前工业化;但是就其长期效应而言,由于对外发动侵略战争,最终使日本战前工业化归于失败。

By 2018, Japan＇s Meiji Restoration has reached its 150 anniversary. Based on the relative relationship between the proto system and the derivative system and the evolutionary analysis framework, this paper explores the impact of the Meiji Restoration on Japan＇s pre - war industrialization. As a large - scale institutional change, the Meiji Restoration is different from the British Revolution and the American Revolution. In the process of the Meiji Restoration, the evolution of the proto system and the derivative system was unbalanced. In other words, the evolution of the alternative system and the transplant system without a proto constitutional government was unbalanced. Japan did not choose the constitutional democracy system in the restoration course, but chose the authoritarian system of the Emperor＇s autocracy, and at the same time vigorously transplanted the high - efficiency modern economic system which derived from the western developed countries. Thus, the unbalanced evolution of the proto system and the derivative system had turned into the unbalanced evolution of the political system and the economic system since Japa- nese Meiji Restoration began. The Meiji Restoration demonstrated the change of institutional model in Ja- pan. From the perspective of the short - term effects, Japan＇s pre - war industrialization had been greatly promoted because of its more powerful resource mobilization ability. However, from the perspective of the long - term effects, Japan started aggression war in the circumstance of institutional model change and the war ultimately led to the failure of Japan＇s pre -war industrialization.