家庭小规模好氧堆肥中人粪便处理效果评价

Evaluation of Small Scale Composting of Human Feces Based on Household Application

以人粪便为堆肥原料,锯末作为载体,进行周期14 d的批量好氧堆肥试验,评价了在家庭尺度小规模好氧堆肥过程中人粪便的处理效果。结果显示,有机物在堆肥过程中得到了有效降解,总化学需氧量(COD)和水溶性COD的去除率分别达到31.7%和70.26%。堆肥过程中氨气的释放导致了氮的损失,氮损失率为15%。利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)结合克隆测序的方法进行了微生物群落演替分析。虽然堆肥过程中并未出现明显的高温阶段,但典型的粪便致病菌在堆肥初始阶段就已灭活。具有土壤生物修复功能的细菌Pseudomonas putida和Pseudomonas panipatensis在堆肥过程中出现并表现出了很高的丰度。堆肥结束后的产品种子发芽指数达到93%,表明堆肥已腐熟。因此,小规模家庭好氧堆肥可以有效地去除有机质和保留养分,同时安全稳定的产品可作为肥料和土壤改良剂使用,这将有利于农村和缺水地区人粪便的卫生处理和资源化利用。

Batch composting of human feces as material and sawdust as bulk matrix was performed for a period of 14 days. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of small scale composting of human feces based on the household application. As a result, the organic matters could be degraded effectively, the final removal rates of total chemical oxygen demand （COD） and water-soluble COD were 31.7% and 70.26%, respectively. The total nitrogen loss during composting process was 15% and mainly resulted by ammonia gas emission. Microbial community analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） method targeting the 16S rRNA gene, and the typical DGGE band was cloned and sequenced. Although there was no obvious thermophilic phase appeared during composting process, the typical pathogens of feces die out in the initial stage of compost. The Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas panipatensis which could function as soil inoculant and be exploited for soil bioremediation appeared during composting process and showed high abundance. The seed germination index reached 93% at the end of composting, indicating the compost was manure. Therefore, the small scale aerobic composting based on the household application could effectively degrade organic matter and preserve nutrients, at the same time, the safe and stable final product could be used as fertilizer and soil conditioner. It would benefit the treatment and resource utilization of human feces in rural areas and water shortage areas.