马克思人的本质学说的演变路径及当代价值

Marx's Theory of Human Essence and Its Contemporary Values

从精神、意志、理念出发,将人归结为某种精神属性,或者把人看作特殊的、高级的生物种类,从生物特性来理解,注定不可能实现关于人的本质理论的根本变革。从"不是抽象的蛰居于世界之外的存在物",到"有意识的生命活动体",再到"一切社会关系的总和",马克思最终回到现实社会中的现实之人上来,实际上得出了改变社会关系就能改变人的本质,就能改变社会、改变世界的结论。人的本质是社会的、动态的、变化的,随着物质财富的丰富,生产关系的变革,政治制度、法律规范的完善,社会公平正义渐趋实现,人将摆脱自私自利的暂时的本性,成为真正意义上的自由而全面发展的人,我们也终将看到不同于自私自利的人构成的市民社会的新社会。

When focusing on spiritual attribute from the point of view of spirit, will and idea, or seeing human beings as certain special, advanced species, we are doomed to fail in constructing any evolutionary theories on human essence. By contrast, Marx saw human essence as the sum of all social relationships from social attribute perspective, and came to the conclusion that changing social relations can change the human nature, society and the woad. Human essence appears to be society-oriented, dynamic and varied, and it changes in line with the great wealth of material production, the adjustment in social relationships, the advancement of political institutions and legal norms, and the growth of equity and justice. Based on such premises, human beings are expected to get rid of their temporary nature of egoism and selfishness. Just by then, we will eventually see a new society constructed by liberated and fully-developed humans different from the civil society formed by selfish people.