不同施肥处理对棉花生长及产量参数的影响

Effects of different fertilizationson the growth and yield parameters of cotton

通过研究不同施肥处理下棉花株高、净光合速率、蕾铃脱落率、根冠比在不同生育期内的动态变化特征,分析不同施肥处理对棉花产量参数的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内(N≤360 kg/hm^2,P≤180 kg/hm^2)增施氮磷钾肥均能促进棉花生长速度的加快,其中处理N3P2的生长速度比处理N_0P_2、N_1P_2和N_2P_2分别快18.49%、12.61%和3.07%,增施钾肥可以促进棉花在生育后期的生长。在棉花整个生育期,净光合速率(Pn)是波动的,随着氮素水平从N_1增加到N_3,净光合速率增加,而磷肥的不同施用量对棉花净光合速率(Pn)的影响不明显。与对照相比,施肥处理显著降低了棉花的蕾铃脱落率,使有效铃数显著提高,其中处理N_3P_2的棉花蕾铃脱落率比处理N_0P_2、N_1P_2和N_2P_2分别降低2.64%、1.81%和0.88%,有效铃数分别提高3.0、2.5、1.34个/株;其中处理N_2P_3的棉花蕾铃脱落率比处理N_2P_0、N_2P_1和N_2P_2分别降低2.53%、1.80%和0.71%,有效铃数分别提高2.0、1.5、1.77个/株。在所有施肥处理中,处理N_3P_2的有效铃数最高、为8.67个/株,处理N_2P_2K_2蕾铃脱落率最低、为59.65%。氮磷肥表观利用率、农学利用效率、肥料贡献率以及增产效益均随施氮磷量的增加而逐渐升高,说明合理配施氮磷钾肥可以有效促进棉花生长,提高肥料利用率,且可以提高棉花产量,表现出较好的经济效益。

The dynamic changes of cotton plant height, net photosynthetic rate, bud-shedting rate and root-shoot ratio in different growth stages of cotton under different fertilization treatments were studied in this paper, and the effects of different fertilization treatments on cotton yield parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the application of NPK fertilizer could accelerate the growth rate of cotton in a certain range （N≤360 kg/hm^2, P≤180 kg/hm^2 in this experiment）, and the growth rate of N3P2 was higher than that of N0P2, N1P2 and N2P2, the amplifications were 18.49%, 12.61% and 3.07%, respectively. Increasing the application of potassium fertilizer could promote the growth of cotton in the later growth stage. During the whole growth period of cotton, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） fluctuated. As the nitrogen level increased from N1 to N3, the net photosynthetic rate increased, but the effect of different application rates of phosphate fertilizer on cotton net photosynthetic rate （Pn） was not obvious. Compared with the control CK, fertilization significantly reduced the rate of buds and sheds of cotton, and significantly increased the effective number of bolls. The rate of buds in N3P2 treatment was 2.64%, 1.81% and 0.88% lower than that of N0P2, N1P2 and N2P2, respectively. The number of effective bolls increased by 3.0, 2.5, and 1.34/plant. The N2P3 treatment of cotton buds was reduced by 2.53%, 1.80% and 0.71%, respectively, and the effective number of bolls was increased by 2.0, 1.5 and 1.77/strain. Among them, N3P2 treatment had the highest number of effective bolls in all fertilization treatments, 8.67/strain, and N2P2K2 had the lowest rate of buds, which was 59.65%. The apparent utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, agronomic utilization efficiency, material contribution rate and yield increase benefit increased with the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus application. Through experiments, it was concluded that rational application of NPK fertilizer could effectively promote cotton growth, improve fertilizer utilization rate, and increase cotton yield, showing good economic benefits.