清代北京皇家园林植物景观与园林经营体系研究

Plant Landscape and Management System of Beijing Royal Gardens, Qing Dynasty

园林的管理与经营是清代皇家园林存续的重要支撑。本研究结合清代宫廷文献,以记录内务府规章制度的《钦定总管内务府现行则例》为主要依据,探讨清代管理机构职责、收入来源与经营方式、支出与盈余管理,归纳出一个以种植生产为核心的管理经营框架。认为清代皇家园林在多次改革基础上,逐渐形成了管理范围清晰的部门划分。各部门除对园林进行日常维护外,主要承担各园以植物生产为核心的经营任务。通过对资源的精细利用以及种植—租赁相结合的土地管理模式,基本实现皇家园林"以园养园"的收支平衡体系。而这种经营方式造就了园林沿水源布局的大面积的作物景观背景以及园林中点缀的生产性植物景观。最终得出结论,认为清代皇家园林植物景观不仅具有观赏功能,更是支持园林存续的物质基础。

The management and operation of gardens is an important support for the existence of royal gardens of the Qing Dynasty. On the basis of documents and the Regulations of the Royal Household Bureau of Qing Dynasty, this paper discusses the duties, income sources and operation modes as well as expenditure and earnings management of the administrative institutions of the Qing dynasty. It sums up the management framework based on plant production. The royal gardens of Qing Dynasty had gradually had a clear division of management as a result of rounds of reforms. In addition to the daily maintenance, the departments mainly undertook the plant production-oriented operations of each garden. Through the elaborate utilization of various resources and the combined land management of planting and leasing, the royal gardens had basically balanced budget of maintaining the gardens by themselves. And this operation mode had created a large area of background landscape along the water and productive plant ornamenting the garden. The paper draws the conclusion that plant landscape of the royal gardens in Qing Dynasty was valuable not only for the ornamental function, but also serving as a material foundation for the garden＇s existence.