“以农立国”还是“以工立国”?——民国时期立国之争的再思考

Build A New Country on Industry or Agriculture?——Recognition of Debate Over Country-building Foundation in the Period of Republic of China

20世纪二三十年代,中国出现了一次关于"何以立国"的争论,争论的核心是"以工立国"还是"以农立国"。此次争论包括了耳熟能详的一些经济学家、哲学家、政治家等社会名流,以章士钊为代表的"守旧派"、梁漱溟、晏阳初等乡村建设运动者为代表的"改良派"和以董时进为代表的"创新派"坚持"以农立国",他们的出发点是中国对于农国地位以及农国精神的维护;吴景超、张培刚、孙倬章则是"以工立国"派的重要拥趸,他们主要着眼于现实,提出只有建立强大的工业基础才能挽救民族于危亡之中。此外"非名流"乃至"草根"阶级也参与到了论战中,与他们相比,"名流"论战者有着更为宏观、全局性和深层次的把握。传统认为"工农之争"的论战以"以工立国"派的胜利而告终,然而从不同的视角看,"以农立国"的观点不无道理,甚至对于现阶段经济的发展仍有指导意义。

In 1920 sand 1930 s,China had a debate over the foundation of building a new country.Whether to build a new country based on industry or agriculture was the core of the debate.On the one hand,celebrities including economists,philosophers and politicians joined in this debate.Zhang Shizhao was the representative of＂the old guards＂;Liang Shuming and Yan Yangchu represented＂the reformists＂and Dong Shijin was the representative of＂the innovators＂.All of these three parties insisted on developing economy based on agriculture to maintain the essential position of agriculture.However,Wu Jingchao,Zhang Peigang and Sun Zhuozhang represented the celebrities who supported industry,considering the fact that only by developing industry would China be independent.On the other hand,the public also joined in this debate.Compared with the public,the view of celebrities was more comprehensive and profound.Traditionally we believe that the people who supported industry won the debate.However,from other respects,the view that to build China into a new country should be based on agriculture was also meaningful,which even can serve as guidance for current development of economy.