美国国家公园特许经营制度分析与启示

Analysis and Enlightenment of National Park Concession System in USA

特许经营是一种兼顾了资源利用效率和生态保护目标的特殊商业活动，特许经营制度则是结合市场机制与行政监管的特殊机制。文中通过对美国国家公园管理局文件等资料的梳理，总结分析项目规划、准入机制、运营监管等特许经营制度的内容，结果表明，美国的特许经营制度促进了对国家公园资源的合理配置和高效利用，并通过监管有效弥补了市场机制在资源配置中的缺陷与不足，可为我国国家公园体制建设提供有益借鉴。

Concession is a special commercial activity that takes into account the efficiency of resource utilization with the goal of ecological protection, and concession system is a special mechanism that combines market mechanism and administrative supervision. Based on the documents issued by the US National Park Service and relevant literature, this study summarizes and analyzes the components of the concession system, including project planning, access mechanism and operation supervision. The study shows that the concession system in USA has promoted the rational allocation and efficient utilization of resources in national parks, and effectively corrected the defects and deficiencies of market mechanism in resource allocation by means of supervision, which could provides a useful reference for China＇ s national park system construction.