论正义的二元论困境——“向下拉平异议”之争及其启示

On the Dilemma of Justice's Dualism——The Controversy and Enlightenment of“Levelling Down Objection”

"向下拉平异议"是帕菲特针对目的论平等主义的基本理论原则和理论立场提出的诘难,并且这一诘难也只适用于目的论平等主义。但是,对"向下拉平异议"的众多反驳则存在着适用对象与适用层级两个方面的偏离:它从与目的论平等主义相对立的义务论平等主义或多元论平等主义去反驳"向下拉平异议",从而偏离了"向下拉平异议"的适用对象;它从与平等主义的平等原则不同的平等策略去反驳"向下拉平异议",从而偏离了"向下拉平异议"的适用层级。"向下拉平异议"之争表面上反映的是平等主义的分类之争,但背后反映的则是福利与平等、抽象正义与现实正义、道德正义与非道德正义的二元论立场的纠缠;只有从本质上打通这一"二元分立"框架,才能超越正义问题研究中的一系列理论困境。以劳动辩证法为理论基石的唯物史观已经为破解这一"二元分立"框架开辟了本质性的理论通道。

＂The dissent of levelling down objection＂ is the martyrdom of Parfit＇s basic theoretical principles and theoretical positions on the egalitarianism. This martyrdom only applies to teleological egalitarianism. However, there are many deviations between the applicable object and the applicable level in the many rebuttals of ＂downward dissent＂. The dispute of ＂downward dissent＂ reflects the categorical dispute of egalitarianism, but it reflects the entanglement of welfare and equality, abstract justice and real justice, moral justice and immoral justice. Only by essentially opening up this ＂binary separation＂ framework can we surpass a series of theoretical dilemmas in the study of justice. The historical materialism based on labor dialectics has opened up an essential theoretical channel for cracking this ＂binary separation＂ framework.