新罗遣唐留学生之称谓考辨

Textual Research on the Appellation of Silla's Students Aboard in Tang Dynasty

对于新罗赴唐留学生的称谓问题,学术界尚未取得一致见解,对其称谓也较繁杂,包括宿卫生、宿卫学生、习业者与留学生等。结合史料,分析新罗赴唐留学生的发展历程可以发现:631-648年间,新罗向唐派遣众多真正意义上的留学生;648-670年间,新罗寻求与唐联盟,向唐派遣"宿卫质子",名为宿卫,实际上具有宿卫与留学双重性质,而真正意义上的留学生多以宿卫学生名义赴唐,一是为了维护宿卫质子尊严,二是为了交通与通关之便;670-676年间,爆发了长达七年之久的唐罗战争。由于两国关系迅速恶化,新罗不再遣派宿卫质子与宿卫学生入唐;8世纪初期以后,唐朝与新罗恢复外交关系,新罗继续向唐朝遣派宿卫质子,但宿卫质子不再肩负"政治人质"的使命,而成为真正意义上的留学生首领,处理留学生入学、学习与归国等事宜。至此,宿卫质子与宿卫学生慢慢合流,成为本质相同的留学生。

The appellation of Silla's overseas students in Tang Dynasty was complex and there is still no consensus in academia on the diverse appellation,such as safeguarding personnel,safeguarding students,trainees,students abroad etc.Based on the analysis of historical data of Silla's students aboard in Tang Dynasty,conclusions have been drawn as follows:from 631AD to 648AD,Silla sent real students to Tang Dynasty;from 648AD to 670AD,Silla sent aristocratic hostages to Tang to seek alliance with it and named them as"safeguarding students".Later,most of those students sent to Tang were under the name of "safeguarding students" for the sake of the dignity of aristocratic hostages and the convenience of customs clearance;from 670AD to 676AD,a seven-year war deteriorated the relations between Tang and Silla rapidly,and Silla stopped to send safeguarding students and aristocratic hostage to Tang;after the early 8th century,Silla started to send safeguarding students and aristocratic hostages again when the two countries resumed diplomatic relations,but aristocratic hostages no longer took up any political missions and then were the leaders dealing with overseas students'enrollment,learning and returning.Since that time,aristocratic hostages become the real learning-oriented students as other safeguarding students.