中国通用航空民事损害赔偿制度研究

Civil Compensation System of General Aviation in China

随着中国通用航空事业的不断发展,通用航空民事损害赔偿领域法律规制的缺陷也日益凸显。中国通用航空的法律体系由法律、行政法规、部门规章及行政规范性文件组成。与美国以产品侵权责任为中心的通用航空民事损害赔偿制度相比,中国通用航空的民事损害赔偿具有合同责任与侵权责任并重的特点:当事人既可基于违约损害赔偿请求权主张权利,亦可基于侵权损害赔偿请求权主张权利,而在两者竞合的情形下须择一行使。通过将中国现有规定与《蒙特利尔公约》中的相关规定进行比较,可以发现,中国通用航空的民事损害赔偿制度存在着归责原则有待完善、缺乏有关赔偿限额的规定、强制责任保险适用范围过窄等主要不足。针对以上问题,建议中国《民用航空法》在对通用航空的规制中促进归责原则由无过错责任向过错推定责任与严格责任过渡,引入责任限额制度并扩大强制责任保险的适用范围。

With the continuous development of China＇s general aviation industry in recent years,the defects of its legal regulations in the field of civil damage compensation have become increasingly obvious. The legal system of general aviation in China is constituted by laws,administrative regulations,departmental rules and administrative normative documents. In comparison with the civil compensation system of general aviation in US which is centered on product tort liability,the compensation system of China focuses on both contract liability and tort liability： victims may request compensation basing on the claim for breach of contract or the claim for tort damages and have to choose one under the circumstance that both of them can be applied. By comparing the existing regulations with the relevant provisions of the Montreal Convention,the drawbacks of the existing regulations can be concluded into three aspects： the imperfection of the liability principle,the lack of provisions for compensation limit,and the excessively narrow scope of the application of compulsory liability insurance. Accordingly,the principle of liability is required to be transferred from no-fault liability to presumed liability and strict liability,the system of liability limit should be introduced to the present regulations,and the application scope of aviation liability insurance is supposed to be expanded in the general aviation part of Civil Aviation Law.