《欧洲区域或少数民族语言宪章》与法国多样性治理：对西方选举政治的反思

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Challenges Facing France in Promoting Internal Diversity Governance: A Reflection on the Western Election Politics

1992年欧洲委员会通过了《欧洲区域或少数民族语言宪章》。随后,除法国外绝大多数成员国签署并批准《宪章》,标志着少数族裔语言文化权利保护成为欧洲共识。以《宪章》为代表的欧洲共识成为推动法国自大革命以来坚持的"共和模式"转型的外部压力。1996年法国首次提出签署《宪章》,1999年正式签署,但2015年参议院否决启动批准程序。本文将梳理《宪章》签署与批准在国家层面引发的各方权力主体博弈以及法国因此在区域或少数民族语言文化保护领域实现的制度进步。通过对上述两个过程的对比分析,透视西方选举政治框架下推进多样性治理的动力与阻力,思考民族国家兼顾单一与多元的可能路径。

The adoption by the European Commission of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1992, and the subsequent signing and ratification by almost all members of the Commission except France, show a consensus reached on the protection of Minorities＇ language and cultural rights at European level. This consensus constitutes an external pressure for the transformation of the French ＂republican model＂ that has been kept since the French Revolution. France referred to signing the Charter for the first time in 1996 and formally signed it in 1999, but the Senate vetoed its ratification process in 2015. This article will examine the gaming among various power centers brought about by signing and ratifying the Charter at the central level, and institutional progress made in legalizing regional languages, and promoting minority languages and cultures at the local level. The analysis and comparison of the two above-mentioned processes make it possible for the author to explain the dynamics and impediment for promoting diversity governance in the context of an electoral policy and to reflect on ways of making uniqueness and diversity compatible within a nation-state.