高尔基与世界文学

Maxim Gorky and World Literature

高尔基一生在经典马克思主义的指导下，对世界文学多有涉猎，且都形成了富有个人特色的评判与论断。在他的阅读与评论范围中，富有幻想意味的民间文学与儿童文学不仅对个体的读者多有裨益，而且可以通过人类精神的构成进入社会文化的塑形之中，因而他对之充满了兴趣，并且非常重视。在高尔基眼中，欧美文学始终具有烛照俄罗斯文化发展的属性，其中法国文学的多样化和英国文学对欧洲文学的变革，最能引发他的注意。在讨论俄苏经典文学的过程中，高尔基不固于一般的批评成见，始终以人与社会现实的关联作为认识本土文学的基点，对19世纪俄罗斯文学中的农民形象和新人形象等问题做出了富有成效的探究，从而呈现出俄苏文学发展中的极易被忽视的面向。与此同时，他还在俄罗斯文学传统的参照下，努力寻找、发掘新生的苏联文学力量，力求予以公正的评判。今天，高尔基的这些文学思考，它的一整套人与文学互动的理论系统仍然富有价值，其中对经典马克思主义的实践与发展，其中所呈现的事关人与文学互动的世界始终值得人们不断地去探索和反思。

In the light of classical Marxism, Gorky widely read world literature throughout his life, and had constructed distinctive judgment and assertion with his own characteristics. Within the scope of his reading and criticism, folk literature and children＇s literature with fairly rich fantasy could not only benefit much for individual readers, but also contribute to the shaping of social culture, through the composition of human spirit. Thus the two have aroused much interest and attracted his attention. In Gorky＇s eyes, Euro-American literature constantly contributes to the enlightenment of Russian culture, of which, the variety of French literature and the revolutionary innovation led by British literature have caught the most of his attention. In discussing classical Russian-Soviet literature, Gorkv did not restrict his ideas to common stereotypes of Literary criticism, but built his cognition of local literature on the basis of the lost connection between human and social reality, He has made effective exploration into the images of peasants and New People in 19th century Russian literature, thereby revealing an aspect usually easy to be ignored in the development of Soviet literature. Meanwhile, following the great tradition of Russian fiterature, Gorky endeavored to look for new talents of Soviet literature, and tried to give his fair judgment The literary reflection made by Gork~; and his entire system of human-literature interaction is still valuable today. His practice and development of classical Marxism and his revelation of a human-literature interactive world are worthy of continual exploration and reflection.