从唐代“金筐宝钿”论花丝镶嵌的历史和定义

On the History and Definition of Filigree Inlay from the "Ornament of Golden Frame with Gem Inlaid" in the Tang Dynasty

花丝镶嵌制作技艺是国家级非物质文化遗产,作为传统工艺之一承载着隐性的历史文化内涵和显性的展示技艺手段。从文献梳理来看,在我国古代文献中并没有发现词语"花丝镶嵌",但并不代表古时候没有这类产品,直接的原因便是称谓差异、工艺分类不同。从文物考古角度来看,具有花丝镶嵌产品形态特征以及工艺特征的出土文物众多,历史悠久。唐代的"金筐宝钿"在造物样式、装饰图案和工艺技法等方面与"花丝镶嵌"均有高度一致的相似性,为后世的传承发展奠定了基础。花丝镶嵌不仅仅是一种技艺,也不单指一种产品,而是金银制作工艺的一种门类,一种融合多门技艺的工艺体系及其产品种类,是工匠艺人在长期从事手工艺活动中所创造的具有"材贵工细、繁缛复杂"特征的手工艺体系,从该类手工艺及产品的诞生就注定了与一般手工艺在实用功能和审美方式方面具有本质的差异,进而构建了自身独特的物质和非物质文化属性。

The technique of filigree inlay is a national intangible cultural heritage. As one of the traditional techniques, it carries hidden historical and cultural connotations and explicit display techniques. Judging from the literature, there is no vocabulary of filigree inlay in ancient Chinese literature, but it does not mean that there is no such product in ancient times. The direct reason is the difference in title and the different process classification. From the point of view of cultural relics and archaeology, there are many unearthed cultural relics with morphological features and technological features of filigree inlay products that have a long history. The ＂Ornament of Golden Frame with Gem Inlaid＂ of the Tang Dynasty has a high degree of similarity with the ＂filigree inlay＂ in terms of creation style,decorative patterns and craftsmanship, which laid the foundation for the inheritance and development of later generations. Filigree inlay is not only a technique, nor a kind of product. It is a kind of gold and silver making process. It is a kind of craft system and product type combines multiple techniques. It is a long-term craftsman’s activity in craftsmanship. The handicraft system created by the characteristics of ＂fine materials, complicated process＂ has been bound to have essential differences in practical functions and aesthetic methods from the birth of such handicrafts and products, and then to construct its own unique substances and intangible cultural attributes.