徽州传统村落的时空分布及其影响因素

Spatial-temporal Distribution and Controlling Factors of Traditional Villages in Huizhou Region

以徽州地域119个国家级传统村落为研究对象,用GIS技术与方法,从时间和空间两个尺度揭示徽州传统村落的分布特征,探讨影响徽州传统村落时空分布的因素。研究发现：徽州传统村落空间上呈现集聚型分布,沿盆地、邻水及边缘化分布特征明显,表现出＂边缘多核心少＂的分布格局。黟县遗存的传统村落数量最多,分布密度最高,形成徽州传统村落的主要集聚区,其次是徽州区和歙县,形成徽州传统村落集聚的次级核心区。宋朝（北宋和南宋）和唐代是现存徽州传统村落形成的主要时期,这两个朝代保留下来的古村落最多,分布范围最广。从自然环境和社会经济（人口、交通、城镇化、经济、政策）等方面分析这些分布特点的影响因素。

Traditional ancient villages are the crystallization of Chinese rural civilization. Carrying out this study is particularly important and urgent for the sustainable development and cultural heritage protection of the traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou. The study chose 119 national traditional villages of the ancient Huizhou by Ministry of housing and urban-rural development of the People＇s Republic of China official which has already been released as the research object, and took the methods of literature analysis and GIS spatial analysis as the research way. And the distribution characteristics of the traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou were revealed from the temporal and spatial scales, which were mainly used by the method of the GIS technology. And the factors which affected the temporal and spatial distribution of traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou were also discussed. It is found that the spatial distribution of traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou is clustered, obviously in basin, adjacent water as well as the marginal area, and it presents the distribution pattern that the number of the traditional villages on the around is more than the middle. Specifically,Yixian county has the largest number of traditional villages and the highest distribution density, which has formed the main gathering area of the ancient Huizhou traditional villages, followed by the ancient Huizhou district and Shexian county has formed a secondary core area of ancient Huizhou traditional villages. From the time point of view, the Song Dynasty（Northern Song and Southern Song） and the Tang Dynasty are the main period of the formation of the ancient Huizhou traditional villages, these two dynasties retained the most ancient villages, and the scope distribute are also the most widely. Finally, the article focused on the natural environment, population, transportation, urbanization and economic development level and other factors, which ancient Huizhou traditional villages have showed those distribution characteristics. As well as the research has found that the basin terrain with surrounded landscape, the moved central plains immigrants with all ethnic, the road traffic with less development, the relatively backward social economy and the protection policies with local governments are all the very important conditions for the retention and renewal of the traditional Huizhou villages, and to a certain degree, it has already become the key factor for the spatial and temporal distribution that affected the traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou. And in the long run, it is helpful to study the whole distribution of the traditional villages, which can protect the traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou, and it is also helpful to explore the social, economic and cultural development in the historical period of the ancient Huizhou.