论作为国家义务的社会救助——源于社会救助制度规范起点的思考

Study on State Obligate of Social Assistance: Origin from Norms

在社会救助立法中将社会救助作为一项国家义务予以规范优于将其视为权力或责任的进路,因其关注到宪法上"公民权利—国家义务"和行政法上"社会救助请求权—国家给付义务"两个层面的互动关系。我国社会救助国家义务来源于通过《宪法》社会保障权、物质帮助权、共享权等条文解释导出的生存权,其规范体系可以分成排除国家公权力对生存权侵害的尊重义务、提供生存权保障制度和财政支持的保护义务、在具体法律关系中达成个体生存权的给付义务三部分。社会救助国家义务的实现有赖于作为与被救助者个体直接关联的给付义务的履行,从行政法上请求权的赋予、行使和实现可以看到社会救助国家义务实现的整个过程。

The interactions and relationships between civil rights and state obligations call for a definition of social assistance as a kind of state obligations rather than responsibilities in the legislation. The state obligation of social assistance stems from the constitution,which guarantees the subsistence right,including the right to social security,material assistance and participation. The legal system contains three categories of state obligations of social assistance. The state is obligated to eliminate the state power against the subsistence right,provide subsistence right guarantee system and financial support,and give a hand to people directly. The realization of the state obligation of social assistance relies on the individuals. The whole process can be demonstrated during claims are given,exercised and responded to under the administrative law.