论严羽《沧浪诗话》的诗史观

On the Concepts of Poetic History in Canglang Poetry Talks

严羽在前人的基础上,从断代的角度系统地提出了自己的诗史观。他以"悟""气象"和"词、理、意兴"等审美范畴作为不同朝代诗歌的品评标准,以汉魏晋盛唐诗歌为典范。严羽要求"辨体制",阐述了诗体的起源与流变规律。他重视以楚辞为本的"起",辨析楚辞汉魏晋的诗体源流,又强调体制的"变",阐明了汉魏晋诗歌在开创诗体中的重要作用,目的在于正本清源。他的"五唐分期"说、"以盛唐为法"和"扬唐抑宋"的宗唐观,对明清产生了重要影响。严羽在诗歌正变观的基础上,还体现了辨证意识,他以朝代评诗只是大体而言的。对于宋代王安石的《胡笳十八拍》等,他也能给予肯定。中唐的柳宗元也因他的肯定而确立了诗史地位。

Yan Yu, on the basis of his predecessors, putted forward his own concepts of poetic history systematically from the point of view of divided dynasty. He used aesthetic categories such as ＂epiphany＂（wu）,＂aesthetic style and spirit＂（qi xiang） and＂words,thought,image and interest＂（ci,li,yixing）as criteria for evaluating the poetry for different dynasties and treated the poetry of the Tang Dynasty as the paradigm. Yan Yu argued for＂distinguishing the styles and genres＂,and expounded the origin and the law of change of poetic styles and genres. He attached great importance to the＂source＂（qi） of songs of Chu,distinguished the origins of genres of songs of Chu and poems from the Han Dynasty to the Wei-jin Dynasty,and emphasized the＂change＂of the styles and genres.So he clarified the important role played by Han and Wei-jin poems in the creation of poetry and his aim was to clean up the source.His concepts like＂Five-Tang period division＂,＂prosperity of the Tang Dynasty as the paradigm＂and＂appreciation of Tang Dynasty and the suppression of the Song Dynasty＂had had an important influence on the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yan Yu,on the basis of the changing concept of poetry,also embodied the dialectical awareness,and his evaluation of poetry by the dynasty was just general without enough details. He also affirmed the value of Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute written by Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty. The Liu Zongyuan of the middle Tang Dynasty also established the position of the history of poetry because of Yan＇s affirmation.