苏联时期所有制理论对经济体制改革的影响

Impacts of the Theory of Ownership on the Economic System Reform in the Soviet Era

按照马克思主义政治经济学理论,生产资料所有制是生产关系产生的前提与条件,也是构成生产关系的基础与体现一个国家经济制度的主要形式。构成生产关系基础的所有制一定要适应生产力的性质,否则它必将会阻遏、束缚生产力的发展与人类社会的进步。所以,社会主义国家在经济体制改革过程中,必然涉及到作为经济体制重要组成部分的所有制变革问题,以确定适应生产力发展的所有制结构与形式。在社会主义各个发展阶段采取何种所有制形式,取决于当时的生产力水平。在经济体制改革过程中,要从实际情况出发,大胆探索,确定以邓小平提出的"三个有利于"为标准的所有制形式。长期以来,苏联坚持传统的"一大二公三纯"所有制理论,在苏联一直认为国有企业是全民所有制经济,是社会主义经济的高级形式。苏联虽然20世纪80年代在所有制理论与实际政策方面有所松动,但在苏联剧变前的1990年国家所有制占绝对统治地位的、单一的公有制结构没有发生变化,而且国家所有制进一步发展。这就难以使生产者与生产资料相结合,经济体制改革也不可能以市场经济体制为取向。

According to Marxist political economy, the ownership system of the means of production is a prerequisite and condition for the relations of production, a foundation for the relations of production, and a major form to embody a country＇s economic system. The ownership system foundational to the relations of production must suit with the nature of productive forces. Otherwise, it will destine to repress and constrain both the development of productive forces and the progress of human societies. Therefore, in the process of economic system reform in socialist countries, the issue of change in ownership as important component of economic system is unavoidable to determine the structure and forms of ownership suitable with the development of productive forces. Concurrent levels of productive forces determine the specific forms of ownership that should be applied in various stages of socialist development. In the process of economic system reform, the form of ownership system should be determined via brave exploration from the facts with the criteria of “three favorables” raised by Deng Xiaoping. For a long period, the Soviet Union insisted the traditional ownership theory of “large, collective, and pure”. In the Soviet Union, state-owned enterprises had always been deemed as the economy under ownership by the whole people and as the advanced form of socialist economy. Even though the ownership theory and actual policies loosed slightly in 1980s, the homogeneous public ownership structure dominated by state ownership system remained unchanged before the radical change of the Soviet Union in 1990. The state ownership even advanced further. This made difficult for the combination of producers and means of production, and impossible for the economic system reform to be oriented toward a market economy.