国家牵引:韩国小农现代化的历时演变轨迹及启示

Evolution track and enlightenment of the smallholders' modernization in Korea

传统小农如何导向现代是国家现代化进程中的重要内容。通过对传统小农特性进行挖掘,认为传统小农在外显能力上具有扩展的有限性,在内隐价值上具有政治依附性、生活自由性和社会内敛性。实现小农现代化固然要实现对其有限外显能力的超越,更重要的是对小农的内隐价值进行现代性的改造与提升,即实现小农由依附性向独立性转变、由自由性向积极性转变、由内敛性向创造性转变。以韩国小农现代化的历时演变轨迹为依据,探讨了20世纪50年代初的土地改革与小农独立性的关系、60年代的多元调试与小农稳定性的关系、70年代的"新村运动"与小农积极创造性的关系,认为韩国在小农现代化的改造上是相对成功的。韩国经验表明,小农的独立性和稳定性是促使小农积极创造性生成的基础,这三者共同构成了现代小农的内容。缓解小农转型的"阵痛"需要国家的牵引,具体体现在:通过生存挑战的化解提升小农的潜在自主行动意愿;通过现代主体的助推,构建小农行动的有效引领;通过适应性机制的打造,催生小农持续行动的动力。

To promote the smallholders＇ modernization is an important part of national modernization. On the basis of the excavation of the characteristics of the traditional smallholder, this paper holds that the traditional smallholders have the limited ability to expand in the explicit capability and the political dependence, freedom of life and social convergence in the implicit value. To achieve the modernization of smallholder, it is necessary to transcend its limited explicit ability, and more importantly, to transform and promote the modernity of the implicit value, that is to say, to realize the transformation of the small farmers from dependence to independence, the change from freedom to the initiative, and the change from the in troverted to the creative. On the basis of the diachronic evolution path of the modernization of smallholders in South Korea, the paper discussed the relationship between the land reform and the independence of the small farmers in the early 1950s, the relationship between the pluralistic adjustment of the 1960s and the stability of the smallholder, the relationship between the ＂New Village Movement＂ in 1970s and the positive and creative of the small farmers, and draw the conclusion that the transformation of the smallholder in South Korea is relatively successful. The experience shows that the independence and stability are the basis for promoting the creative generation of small farmers. These constitute the content of modern small farmers; the ＂pain＂ of alleviating the transformation of small farmers needs the national traction, which is embodied in the promotion of the potential autonomy of small farmers through the solution of survival; the effective guidance of smallholde rs＇ action through modern power; the driving force of small farmers＇ sustainable action through building adaptive mecha nism.