从“化外之民”到“水上编户”:20世纪50年代初鄱阳湖区的“民船民主改革”运动

From Outside of the Country to Administrative District: The “Water Democratic Reform” Movement in the Poyang Lake Area in the Early 1950s

在明清中国,官方对于江河湖海等水域社会的管理主要依赖于税收制度、营汛驻防和不定期的船只登记。但是,因流动性大、居住分散、情况复杂,那些活动于江河湖海之中的大量渔、船户一直是国家需要面对的治理难题。20世纪50年代初期,在陆上社会大规模进行土地改革的同时,中共中央也在积极推动水域社会的民主改革,力图将国家权力深入到以往力量薄弱的水域社会。1953年初,"民船民主改革"在各大内河、湖泊水域全面展开。本文以江西鄱阳湖地区为例,主要利用沿湖各县渔政档案,以及1950年初各县党政部门处理的大量"把头"、船民的卷宗,并结合相关中共高层文献,不仅意在梳理"民船民主改革"运动在湖区的开展和实践过程,以及水域被纳入国家行政管理的过程,而且希望借此讨论水域社会船民、船帮组织的旧有复杂结构以及外力介入下的社会经济秩序重建。

In the early 1950s,while the land society carried out large-scale land reform,the CPC Central Committee was also actively promoting the democratic reform of the waters society,trying to deepen the state power into the weak region in the past.At the beginning of 1953,"Water Democratic Reform"was carried out in the major river and lake areas.Take the Poyang Lake area in Jiangxi Province as an example,mainly use the fishery archives along the lake counties,as well as the county public security bureau to deal with a large number of"Labor contractor"(Batou)and boat people's files,and combined with the relevant Chinese high-level literature,not only to comb the process of"Water Democracy Reform"movement and the process of waters being incorporated into the country,and also hope to discuss the old complex structure of the boat people in the waters and the reconstruction of social and economic order under the intervention of external forces.