浅论二战时期苏联的北极战场

A Brief Review of the Arctic Battlefield of Soviet Union during World War Ⅱ

第二次世界大战时期,法西斯德军的入侵打破了苏联北极地区以往的平静与闭塞,苏联北极战场就此开辟。为阻断盟国租借物资在北极航线上的运输,德军采取了进攻摩尔曼斯克、打击北极航线上的盟军护航队和袭击喀拉海域的苏联极地站等军事手段。苏联最初在北极战场上遭受了严重打击,随即调整策略,撤离了摩尔曼斯克港的重要物资,并对北方海航道上的其他重要海港进行了改造。得益于对北极海域气象、冰情信息的充分掌握,苏联北方舰队随后在反击过程中将德军逼退。与此同时,北极航线和阿拉斯加-西伯利亚飞机转场的空中航线在二战期间成为苏联北极海上和空中的生命线。苏联北极战场对苏德战争乃至世界反法西斯战争的胜利发挥了独特的作用,并对战后世界格局的形成和苏联北极地区的发展产生了重大影响。

In the Second World War,Nazi Germany＇s invasion of the Arctic region of Soviet Union broke the usual peace of that region. As a result,the region was turned into the Arctic battlefield of Soviet Union during that war. In an attempt to stop the Allies＇ supplies from being transported through the Arctic shipping lanes,the Germany army adopted several strategies,including attacking Murmansk,assaulting the Allies＇ convoy on the shipping lanes and striking the Soviet polar stations in Kara Sea. Despite a severe blow to its Arctic battlefield at the beginning,Soviet Union soon adjusted its strategies,evacuating its important goods and materials in the Port of Murmansk and transforming the other important ports along the Northern Sea Route. With enough knowledge of the weather and ice conditions in the Arctic region,the Soviet Northern Fleet later managed to force the Germany army to retreat in its counterattack. Meanwhile,the Arctic shipping lanes and the air lanes of Alaska-Siberian ferry flying thus became the life lanes to Soviet Union for facilitating the transportation of important supplies to the country by sea and air. The Arctic battlefield of Soviet Union has made a unique contribution to the success of the anti-Fascist War. The strategic role that the special battlefield played had exerted a special influence on the formation of the post-war world situation.In the meantime,it has had a profound impact on the Soviet Arctic region after the war.