康德关于鉴赏判断普遍性的论述及其对领导决策的启示

Kant's Exposition on the Universality of Appreciation Judgment and Its Enlightenment to Leadership and Decision-making

在西方传统美学中,各个时代的哲学家都曾探讨美的本质问题。古希腊哲学家把美视为一种本质属性,试图寻求美的客观普遍性。中世纪的神学美学则将绝对完善的美赋予全知全能的上帝,企图为美的普遍性寻找超验的根据。近代经验派美学则将美的范畴纳入人的经验层面,强调个人的感官判断,将审美快感与生理快感相混淆,由此审美就失去了普遍必然性。康德一方面受到了经验派美学的冲击,同时也看到了其弊端。因此,他从先验哲学的立场,对理性主义的独断论和经验主义的怀疑论进行调和。康德在方法论上带有现象学的倾向,他试图为鉴赏的普遍性寻找一种先验的根据,是对前人客观主义和经验心理学的超越。领导决策的过程也如同审美活动一样,需要摆脱独断的话语权,同时还要排除一些主观的偏见,将事情或问题的本质进行还原,通过"反思性的判断力"做出决断,从而保证决策的合理性和科学性。

In western traditional aesthetics, the philosophers in all ages have explored the nature of aesthetics. The philosophers in Ancient Greeee regarded beauty as an essential attribute and attempted to find the objective universality of beauty. The medieval theological aesthetics vested the beauty of absolute perfection to the omniscient and omnipotent God and attempted to find transcendent basis for aesthetic universality. Contemporary empirical aesthetics included the category of beauty in human empirical level, by emphasizing human judgment of sense organs, and eonfusing aesthetic pleasure with physiological pleasure, by which aesthetic taste lost its universal inevitability. Kant, on one hand, was shocked by empirical aesthetics, while saw- its imperfection. Therefore, he reconciled rationalistic dogmatism and empirical skepticism from the prospective of priori philosophy. Methodologically, Kant was inclined to phenomenologieal method, by attempting to find a priori basis of state universality, which transcended his predecessors＇ objeetivism and empirical psychology. Like aesthetic activity, the decision making process of leader needs to get rid of dogmatic voice, and exclude some subjective bias, in order to reduce the essence of thing or problem, and ensure rationality and seientifieity of decision from ＂Reflective Judgment＂.