基于阶级立场的科技理性批判--对莱斯生态学马克思主义的政治哲学解读

Critique of Rationality of Science and Technology Based on the Viewpoint of Class:A Political Philosophical Interpretation of Laise's Ecological Marxism

阶级观点是经典马克思主义的基本政治观点,生态学马克思主义的奠基人威廉·莱斯对马克斯·舍勒控制学概念的批判中鲜明地体现了这一根本立场。莱斯把法兰克福学派对科学技术意识形态的研究与对控制自然观念的批判进行有效结合,实现了资本主义社会批判理论的生态学转向。莱斯认为,人类对自然的需求必然要以社会条件为前提,但舍勒只研究整体对强力的追求,并没有进一步分析它们相互冲突的成分,如此也就模糊了人与人之间基于生存斗争的相互冲突才是理解追求控制的历史动力的问题。在莱斯看来,科学技术的理性与知识本身并不导致对外部自然的控制,控制的真正对象只能是人。莱斯对控制观念的重释显然内蕴着阶级理论的批判维度,从而使生态学马克思主义具有了政治哲学的理论底色。生态问题已经成为全球性的政治问题,对生态问题的理论反思需要放置在政治哲学的整体框架内,解读生态学马克思主义中的阶级立场的理论意义端在于此。

The viewpoint of "class"is the basic politic viewof Classic Marxism,and William Laise,the founder of Ecological Marxism,clearly reflected this fundamental position in the criticism of Marx Scheler's concept of Cybernetics. Laise effectively combined the study of scientific and technological ideology of Frankfurt School and the critique of the"Controlling Nature"idea,hence realized the ecological turn of critique theory of capitalist society. Laise believes that the human demand for nature must be based on social conditions,but Scheler only studies the pursuit of the strength of the society as a whole,but does not further analyze the conflicting components,so it has been obscured that the conflict among people based on the struggle of survival is the historical motive of understanding the pursuit of control. In Laise's view,the rationality and knowledge of science and technology do not lead to the control of external nature,and the real object of control is human beings. Laise's reinterpretation of the concept of control clearly contains the critical dimension of Class Theory,thus laying a theoretical background of political philosophy for the Ecological Marxism. The ecological problem has become a global political problem. The theoretical reflection of the ecological problem needs to be placed in the framework of the political philosophy,and it is of the theoretical significance of reading the Viewpoint of Class of the Ecological Marxism.