历史事件与东北方言的形成及其层次问题

Historical Events and the Formation of the Northeast Dialect and Its Historical Levels

东北方言的形成以及形成的历史层次,跟中国历史上发生的重大历史事件密切相关。箕子入朝鲜、燕王喜保辽使得汉族人进入东北,为东北方言的形成奠定了基础;契丹辽劫掠人口、石敬瑭出卖燕云十六州使幽燕话成为东北方言的基础方言;女真金掳掠汉人、实行"实内"之策,促进东北方言发展,也使冀鲁官话以及中原官话形成了东北方言的第二层次;明代的辽东行政管辖归山东以及贸易、灾荒等原因,还有胶东人泛海北上使胶辽官话成为东北方言第三层次;清初东北方言"从龙入京"严重影响了北京官话,后来"贵胄还籍"使北京官话成为东北方言第四层次。构成东北方言的各层次方言没有逐层替代,不存在覆盖,多为平行发展并有交融,表现出浸润式和蛙跳式扩展。

The formation and historical levels of the Northeast dialect are closely related to the major historical events that have taken place in Chinese history. Jizientering Korea and Jixi,the last king of the Yan Dynasty,defending Liaodong resulted in Han people's migration to the northeast China,which laid the foundation for the formation of the Northeast dialect. Khitans plundering the residents in the Liao Dynasty and Shi Jingtang,king of the late Jin Dynasty,ceding 16 states of Yan Yun to Khitan turned the Youyan dialect into the basis of the Northeast dialect. In the Jin Dynasty,Jurchens abducted the Han people and carried out the policy of "reinforcements of the area inside the pass",which not only greatly promoted the development of the Northeast dialect,but also made the Jilu Mandarin and the Central Plain Mandarin the second level of the Northeast dialect. In the Ming Dynasty,due to the administrative jurisdiction of Liaodong being affiliated to Shandong,prosperous trade and famine,etc,the people of Jiaodong began to migrate to the northwest across the sea,which made the Jiaoliao Mandarin the third level of the Northeast dialect. In the early Qing Dynasty,with Jurchens being in power,the Northeast Dialect was brought to Beijing,which greatly influenced the Beijing Mandarin which,later,became the fourth level of the Northeast dialect. As far as the four levels of the Northeast dialect are concerned,each is independent and there is neither substitution nor overlapping among the different levels. Four levels are mainly in parallel development as well as blending,showing the expansion styles of infiltration and leapfrog.