弗雷格与罗素的意义理论及虚构对象问题

Frege and Russell's Theory of Meaning and the Problem of Empty Names

弗雷格与罗素的意义理论奠定了当代语言哲学中意义理论的基石。这两个理论能够解决许多经典的哲学谜题,罗素的摹状词理论也被称作为分析哲学的典范之作,且在一定意义上比弗雷格的理论解释能力更强。但有一种观点认为,这两个理论都无法解释"x很喜欢孙悟空"这样为真的、使用空名与意向性词汇的语句,这可以视作两个理论的另一缺陷。这个批评对弗雷格的理论来说是恰当的,对于罗素的理论来说,虽然有种办法回避这一指责,但此办法会使得如此类型语句既为真也为假,也有失之于随意之嫌。因此,空名与意向性问题对这两个著名的理论依旧是严重的挑战。

Frege＇s theory of meaning and Russell＇s Theory of Descriptions had laid the foundation of modern philosophy of language.Many classical paradoxes of philosophy are solved by these two theories.Russell＇s theory is considered as a model of analytic philosophy,and in some sense his theory is more powerful than Frege＇s theory.But,both theories cannot explain true statements,such as ＂x loves Sun Wukong＂which uses both empty names and intentional phrase.Thus,this can be regarded as another defect for both theories.Unlike Frege＇s theory,there is a way out for Russell＇s theory,but this way out of difficulty in some sense is so arbitrary that it makes any statement both true and false.Therefore,this problem is a real challenge to both theories.