东亚国家食用菌贸易态势及竞争力分析——以中日韩为例

Analysis on the Trade Situation and Competitiveness of Edible Fungi in East Asian Countries——a Case Study of China, Japan and Korea

借助于联合国商品贸易统计数据库,从食用菌贸易现状着手,分析了中日韩三国的食用菌贸易规模和出口产品结构,阐述了上述3个国家尤其是中国食用菌出口市场分布状况,进而运用国际市场占有率(WMS)、贸易竞争力指数(TC)和显示性比较优势指数(RCA)对中日韩三国的食用菌竞争力进行比较分析。结果表明,在贸易规模上,中国食用菌对外贸易呈净出口状态,日本食用菌主要以进口为主且呈净进口状态;在出口产品结构中,中国以出口非醋方法制作的保存类食用菌为主,日本和韩国主要出口的食用菌产品是鲜或冷藏类。在国际市场占有率方面,中国食用菌出口贸易的国际市场占有率最高,达56.701%,表现出较强竞争优势,而日本和韩国的国际市场占有率最高值均未达到4%。在贸易竞争力指数方面,中国TC指数在2001年～2016年期间均保持在0.995左右,竞争优势明显;日本TC指数一直低于0,出口缺乏竞争力;韩国TC指数在3个国家中波动幅度最大,竞争优势不稳定。在显示性比较优势指数方面,中国RCA指数整体较高,产品竞争优势较强;韩国RCA指数呈现下降趋势且远低于中国,产品竞争优势较低;日本RCA指数最低,产品缺乏竞争优势。建议要强化生产加工技术,提升食用菌产品品质;发挥产品竞争优势,持续拓展出口贸易市场;建立健全生产标准体系,加强食用菌出口监管;加强品种培育研发,促进出口结构多元化;降低生产成本,增强食用菌价格优势;加大政府扶持,提高种植户和食用菌企业的积极性。

With the aid of the United Nations commodity trade statistical database, starting from the trade situation of edible fungi, the edible fungus trade scale and export product structure of China, Japan and South Korea were analyzed, and the distribution of export market of East Asian countries, especially China＇s edible fungus, was elaborated. On the basis of trade present situation analysis, the international market share（WMS）, the trade competitiveness index （TC） and the revealed comparative advantage index （RCA） were used to compare and analyze competitiveness comparative of edible fungi of China, Japan and South Korea. Conclusion as follows： in terms of the trade scale, China＇s foreign trade of edible fungi was in the state of net export,while Japan＇s foreign trade of edible fungi was mainly in the state of import and net import. In the export product structure of edible fungi, China mainly exported preserved edible fungi made by non-vinegar method, while Japan and Korea mainly exported fresh or refrigerated edible fungi. For the international market share, China＇s export market share of edible fungi in the international market reached 56.701%, showing a strong competitive advantage, while Japan and South Korea did not reach the highest value of 4%. In terms of the trade competitiveness index, China＇s TC index maintained around 0.995 from 2001 to 2016, showing obvious competitive advantages. Japan＇s TC index had been below zero, and its exports were relatively uncompetitive. South Korea＇s TC index had the largest fluctuation among the three countries, and the competitive advantage of edible fungi is unstable. In terms of the revealed comparative advantage index, China＇s RCA index is relatively high on the whole, and the competitive advantage of edible fungi products is relatively strong. South Korea＇s RCA index showed a downward trend and is far lower than China. Japan＇s RCA index was lowest, and its products lack competitive advantages. Finally, it is suggested to strengthen production and processing technology and improve the quality of edible fungus products, exert the competitive advantage of products and continuously expand export trade market, establish and perfect the production standard system and strengthen the supervision of export of edible fungus, strengthen the variety breeding and research and promote diversification of export structures, reduce production cost and enhance the price advantage of edible fungus, increase government support and improve the enthusiasm of farmers and edible fungus enterprises.