福建省2011-2015年农村环境卫生健康危害因素调查

Environmental health hazard factors in rural areas of Fujian,2011-2015

目的了解福建省农村环境卫生健康危害因素水平及其动态变化趋势,评价福建省农村环境卫生状况,为政府有关部门制订农村环境卫生治理政策措施提供科学依据。方法按照分层随机抽样的方法,连续5年对全省19个县,380个行政村,1 900户农村家庭采用统一的调查表,通过查阅资料、访谈、现场观察等方法进行环境卫生现场调查及统计学分析。结果 5年间380个监测村的垃圾处理方式仍以填埋为主(生活27.11%、工业41.84%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。污水直接排放的比例仍较高(生活94.21%、工业32.63%、养殖业40.53%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无卫生规划、宣教和制度的比例分别为13.68%、10.53%和5.00%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);1 900个监测户中仍使用非卫生厕所和无厕所的比例分别为9.63%和2.79%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。粪便仍以直接排入下水道为主(52.53%),仍有病媒生物孳生地、蟑螂、鼠迹、苍蝇和蚊虫的比例分别为86.74%、66.95%、46.79%、71.00%和25.53%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论近年来福建省农村在垃圾与污水处理、改厕与粪便无害化、病媒生物防治、环境卫生管理等方面还存在多种影响人群健康的危害因素,应引起政府各部门重视,继续加强管理、增加经费投入和采取有效措施进一步改善农村环境卫生现状。

Objective To understand the health hazard factors and trend of environmental hygiene in rural areas of Fujian Province, then objectively evaluate the present situation in order to formulate the environmental hygiene governance policies for the government department concerned. Methods A total of 380 villages and 1 900 families in 19 Counties were selected by proportional stratified random sampling method and continuously investigated for five years. A unified questionnaire was used to obtain monitoring data by data review, interviews, field observation, and so on. Results The results of 380 monitoring villages in 5 years showed that landfill was still the main way of wastes disposal（household garbage 27.11%, industrial wastes 42.84%, P〈0.05）; the proportion of direct sewage discharge was still high（household sewage 94.21%, industrial sewage 32.63%, aquaculture sewage 40.53%, all P〈0.05）; The proportion of no health planning, no hygiene education and no institution was 13.68%, 10.53% and 5.00% respectively（P〈0.05）. Among of the 1 900 households, the proportion of nonhygienic toilet and no hygienic toilet are 9.63% and 2.79%（P〈0.05）. The faeces were still mainly drained into the sewers（52.53%）, and the proportion of breeding ground, cockroaches, rats Trace, flies and mosquitoes were 86.74%, 66.95%,46.79%, 71.00% and 25.53%, respectively（P〈0.05）. Conclusion s In recent years, the overall level of rural environmental hygiene in Fujian Province has been developing steadily and gradually improving, but there are still various health related risk factors, such as waste and sewage treatment, latrine improvement and non-hazardous treatment, vector control, environmental health management. It should attract the attention of related government departments, continue to strengthen management,increase funding and take effective measures to further improve the status of rural environmental sanitation.