面向大数据时代的美国联邦政府机构创新及职能扩展——以美国运输统计局为例

Institutional Innovation and Function Expansion of the U.S. Federal Government in the Era of Big Data —— A Case Study of U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics

大数据对政府的机构创新及职能扩展既提出挑战又提供机遇。本文以美国运输统计局为例考察面向大数据时代美国联邦政府的机构创新及职能扩展。研究发现,美国运输统计局的职能扩展受经济社会发展需求和统计工作自身完善这两股力量的推动,而且这两股力量在不同阶段的影响权重不同:机构初创阶段主要是回应经济全球化、科技快速发展以及行业去管制化等需求;机构发展阶段除了继续回应经济社会发展所提出的要求,则更多遵循统计专业工作自身演化的逻辑;而这一逻辑主导了数据库架构以及对大数据的应对。最后,结合我国实际,探析了其对我国提升政府交通运输统计服务水平的启示意义。

Big data has provided both challenges and opportunities for government institutional innovation and function expansion. Taking the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics（BTS） as an example, this paper examined the institutional innovation and expansion of the U.S. federal government in the era of big data. It is found that the function expansion of BTS is driven by two major forces——needs of economic and social development and self-improvement of statistical standardization, and the weights of these two forces are evolving over time： in the initial stage, the main focus of BTS is to respond to the needs of economic globalization, rapid development of science and technology, and the deregulation of industry. In the development phase, BTS followed the logic of self-evolution of statistical standardization; this logic guided the database architecture and the response to big data. Finally, combined with the status quo of China, this study summarized the learnings from the U.S. practice and proposed guidance to improve the traffic statistics service from the government perspective.