《中庸》的地位、影响与历史诠释

The Status,Influence and Historical Interpretation of The Doctrine of the Mean

《中庸》一般认为是子思所作。"中庸"的思想传承有自,《周易》中的中道、中行、中正观念,《尚书》的"执中"观念都可视为中庸思想的渊源,一直到孔子以中庸为至德,提出"执两用中"的思想,中庸开始明确成为一种实践的智慧。到了汉唐时期,郑玄以"用中"解释中庸,从德行论角度诠释中庸思想。魏晋南北朝时期,何晏、戴颙、梁武帝等人开始以《中庸》为载体寻求儒学与道家、玄学、佛学会通的可能。唐代讨论《中庸》集中于"诚明论",不过李翱开始注意到关于"性情"的人性论问题,刘禹锡从境界方面理解《中庸》,为宋代《中庸》诠释开了先河。北宋智圆以佛教中道思想理解《中庸》,契嵩认为《中庸》的主要思想是性命之说,"性命说"对理学家产生了影响。宋代统治者也极为重视《中庸》,他们从为政方向认识《中庸》,意在阐扬其中的治国理政思想。道学家的《中庸》诠释贯穿了宋元明清四代,朱子成功促进了儒学从五经到四书研究的转变。朱子认为四书是儒学的精华,他继承二程的理学思想,为《中庸》学开了新的方向,即《中庸》诠释中的心性之学和以"道心惟微"为核心的道统论。《中庸》诠释史,大致经历了德行论、为政论、性情功夫论和道统论四个阶段。

The Doctrine of the Mean is generally thought to be written by Tzu-Si. The idea of the Golden Mean originates from the concepts of middle path,middle practice and fairness in Yi and the opinion of "keep the middle"in the Book of Documents. As Confucius regarded the Golden Mean as the highest virtue and proposed the idea of"impartial",the idea began to become a practical wisdom. The interpretation of The Doctrine of the Mean has experienced four stages: the theory of virtue,the theory of politics,the disposition theory and the orthodoxy.